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Horses and oxen, which were domesticated and in wide use throughout much of Europe, Asia, and Africa before the 17th century, were completely absent from North America until the arrival of people from the Old World in what are now the countries of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Correct. Correct, but inconsequential, as ubiquitous slave labor made up for any deficit in productive capacity due to the lack of beasts of burden. O Incorrect, as Native Americans had numerous domesticated animals. O Incorrect, because the Incas utilized llamas, the Aztecs used tapirs, and the Plains peoples utilized domesticated bison as draft animals.

Horses and oxen, which were domesticated and in wide use throughout much of Europe, Asia, and Africa before the 17th century, were completely absent from North America until the arrival of people from the Old World in what are now the countries of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Correct. Correct, but inconsequential, as ubiquitous slave labor made up for any deficit in productive capacity due to the lack of beasts of burden. O Incorrect, as Native Americans had numerous domesticated animals. O Incorrect, because the Incas utilized llamas, the Aztecs used tapirs, and the Plains peoples utilized domesticated bison as draft animals.

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Horses and oxen, which were domesticated and in wide use throughout much of Europe, Asia, and Africa before the 17th century, were completely absent from North America until the arrival of people from the Old World in what are now the countries of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Correct. Correct, but inconsequential, as ubiquitous slave labor made up for any deficit in productive capacity due to the lack of beasts of burden. O Incorrect, as Native Americans had numerous domesticated animals. O Incorrect, because the Incas utilized llamas, the Aztecs used tapirs, and the Plains peoples utilized domesticated bison as draft animals.
Transcribed Image Text:Horses and oxen, which were domesticated and in wide use throughout much of Europe, Asia, and Africa before the 17th century, were completely absent from North America until the arrival of people from the Old World in what are now the countries of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Correct. Correct, but inconsequential, as ubiquitous slave labor made up for any deficit in productive capacity due to the lack of beasts of burden. O Incorrect, as Native Americans had numerous domesticated animals. O Incorrect, because the Incas utilized llamas, the Aztecs used tapirs, and the Plains peoples utilized domesticated bison as draft animals.
There is a three-word phrase used to describe the social relations of a production process. Typically, economic historians dislike using this phrase because they don't like to brand themselves as Marxists -- namely, as followers of the theories of Karl Marx. But we find the phrase useful, because we think it accurately connects several issues. For example, we observe that people who literally live off the land by hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering uncultivated vegetation, are hunter-gatherers. They have a distinctive pattern of social organization (the extended-family system) that is very democratic, non-hierarchica I, and characterized by very loose controls over the behavior of individuals. Concepts of land-ownership are very, very democratic -- hunting territories are "owned," but not in the same way that individual plots of land are assigned in the contemporary United States. People engaged in this (fill in the blank) tend not to produce large surpluses. People engaged in the agricultural (fill in the blank) are quite different. Agriculture tends to be conducted (before about 1800) by tenant farmers -- by people who did not own or control their own land, but who were so very productive that they produced large surpluses (or big yields) far greater than their own immediate needs. In agricultural societies, a very strict hierarchy was the rule: the producers were at the bottom of the social order, and the people at the very top were in control because they owned the land, and also imposed their will with both military and legal force which they alone controlled. The hunter-gatherer (fill in the blank) is thus very distinct from the agricultural (fill in the blank) not only in terms of the amount of calories produced, but also in terms of the social organization. O ownership of the means of production O mode of production O return on incremental transitions O force of arms
Transcribed Image Text:There is a three-word phrase used to describe the social relations of a production process. Typically, economic historians dislike using this phrase because they don't like to brand themselves as Marxists -- namely, as followers of the theories of Karl Marx. But we find the phrase useful, because we think it accurately connects several issues. For example, we observe that people who literally live off the land by hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering uncultivated vegetation, are hunter-gatherers. They have a distinctive pattern of social organization (the extended-family system) that is very democratic, non-hierarchica I, and characterized by very loose controls over the behavior of individuals. Concepts of land-ownership are very, very democratic -- hunting territories are "owned," but not in the same way that individual plots of land are assigned in the contemporary United States. People engaged in this (fill in the blank) tend not to produce large surpluses. People engaged in the agricultural (fill in the blank) are quite different. Agriculture tends to be conducted (before about 1800) by tenant farmers -- by people who did not own or control their own land, but who were so very productive that they produced large surpluses (or big yields) far greater than their own immediate needs. In agricultural societies, a very strict hierarchy was the rule: the producers were at the bottom of the social order, and the people at the very top were in control because they owned the land, and also imposed their will with both military and legal force which they alone controlled. The hunter-gatherer (fill in the blank) is thus very distinct from the agricultural (fill in the blank) not only in terms of the amount of calories produced, but also in terms of the social organization. O ownership of the means of production O mode of production O return on incremental transitions O force of arms
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