Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Fill in the missing reagents or major products to complete the transformations. Be sure to pay careful
attention to stereochemistry where appropriate. If the major product is a pair of enantiomer you may
show one of them and indicate + enantiomer. If the products are diasteromers, show them both.
attention to stereochemistry where appropriate. If the major product is a pair of enantiomer you may
show one of them and indicate + enantiomer. If the products are diasteromers, show them both.
![### Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes
In this section, we will discuss the electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. Alkenes, characterized by the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C), are highly reactive towards electrophiles due to the electron-rich nature of the double bond.
#### Reaction with Hydroiodic Acid (HI)
The first reaction shows an alkene undergoing an addition reaction with hydroiodic acid (HI).
**Reaction Representation:**
\[ \text{Alkene} + \text{HI} \rightarrow \text{Product} \]
In this reaction, the double bond in the alkene reacts with HI. The electrophilic hydrogen (H\^+) from HI adds to one of the carbon atoms of the double bond, and the iodide ion (I\^-), a nucleophile, adds to the other carbon. This reaction proceeds via a carbocation intermediate.
#### Reaction in Presence of Water and Acid (Hydration)
The second reaction illustrates the hydration of an alkene in the presence of water (H2O) and an acid catalyst (H+).
**Reaction Representation:**
\[ \text{Alkene} + \text{H}_2\text{O}, \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Alcohol} \]
In this reaction, the double bond in the alkene reacts with water in the presence of an acid catalyst. The hydrogen ion (H\^+) from the acid initially adds to one of the carbon atoms of the double bond, creating a carbocation intermediate. Following this, a water molecule acts as a nucleophile and adds to the carbocation, leading to the formation of an alcohol after deprotonation.
#### Detailed Explanation of Diagrams
1. **First Diagram:**
- The alkene shown is propene with a branched substituent.
- The reaction arrow indicates the reactant alkene undergoes an electrophilic addition with hydroiodic acid (HI), pointing towards the expected product of the reaction.
2. **Second Diagram:**
- The same alkene as in the first diagram reacts but in the presence of water (H2O) and an acid catalyst (H+).
- The reaction proceeds towards the formation of an alcohol product.
These reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry, illustrating the versatility of alkenes in undergoing various addition reactions to form different functional groups.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ff57d3743-5e44-4060-83da-5d90a37d31c6%2F8514593f-a9cc-4c40-bc75-60a87a852103%2F63cwpn_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:### Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes
In this section, we will discuss the electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes. Alkenes, characterized by the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C), are highly reactive towards electrophiles due to the electron-rich nature of the double bond.
#### Reaction with Hydroiodic Acid (HI)
The first reaction shows an alkene undergoing an addition reaction with hydroiodic acid (HI).
**Reaction Representation:**
\[ \text{Alkene} + \text{HI} \rightarrow \text{Product} \]
In this reaction, the double bond in the alkene reacts with HI. The electrophilic hydrogen (H\^+) from HI adds to one of the carbon atoms of the double bond, and the iodide ion (I\^-), a nucleophile, adds to the other carbon. This reaction proceeds via a carbocation intermediate.
#### Reaction in Presence of Water and Acid (Hydration)
The second reaction illustrates the hydration of an alkene in the presence of water (H2O) and an acid catalyst (H+).
**Reaction Representation:**
\[ \text{Alkene} + \text{H}_2\text{O}, \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Alcohol} \]
In this reaction, the double bond in the alkene reacts with water in the presence of an acid catalyst. The hydrogen ion (H\^+) from the acid initially adds to one of the carbon atoms of the double bond, creating a carbocation intermediate. Following this, a water molecule acts as a nucleophile and adds to the carbocation, leading to the formation of an alcohol after deprotonation.
#### Detailed Explanation of Diagrams
1. **First Diagram:**
- The alkene shown is propene with a branched substituent.
- The reaction arrow indicates the reactant alkene undergoes an electrophilic addition with hydroiodic acid (HI), pointing towards the expected product of the reaction.
2. **Second Diagram:**
- The same alkene as in the first diagram reacts but in the presence of water (H2O) and an acid catalyst (H+).
- The reaction proceeds towards the formation of an alcohol product.
These reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry, illustrating the versatility of alkenes in undergoing various addition reactions to form different functional groups.
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please show the enantiomers and diastereomers products as well with wedges and dashes
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