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- A characteristic of blood circulation through or to the heart is that: a. the superior vena cava conveys blood to the head. b. the inferior vena cava conveys blood to the right atrium. c. the pulmonary arteries convey blood from the lungs to theleft atrium. d. the pulmonary veins convey blood into the left ventricle. e. the aorta branches into two coronary arteries that conveyblood from heart muscle.2.What events take place that allow the heart to contract, and how is heart rate controlled?8. Define heart attack and infarct. How does atherosclerotic plaque affect the heart? 12. Explain how cardiac muscle cells in the SA node produce action potentials spontaneously and why the SA node is the heart’s pacemaker. 13. What is the function of the conduction system of the heart? Starting with the SA node, describe the route of an action potential as it goes through the conduction system of the heart.
- 7. Explain the role of the autonomic divisions in control of heart rate.6. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms to describe the path of blood flow through the heart (starting with the deoxygenated blood coming from the body's tissues and ending with the oxygenated blood flowing to the body's tissues). Use the following terms: aorta, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle, superior and inferior vena cava, tricuspid valve. Blood from the tissues → > lungs > → body tissues7. High pressure in the systemic and pulmonary circuits often results in ventricular hypertrophy, in which the ventricle enlarges to pump against greater force. If an individual had pulmonary ventricular hypertrophy, which part of the heart would be affected?
- 1. Describe cardiac output, including the factors involved in its regulation.5.According to Steven et al., (2006), hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a medical terminology used to describe a spectrum of congenital heart malfomation exhbiting an array of underdeveloped structures in the left side of the heart. How does this affect the anatomical and physiological function of the left side of the heart? Read and analyze the question and choices CAREFULLY; more importantly, ALWAYS CHOOSE the BEST answer. The heart will have a difficulty in pumping oxygenated blood to all parts of the body The heart is bound to enlarge by loosening its myocardium after a few years. The heart will not be able to absorb oxygen from the lungs. The heart will exert too much pressure to deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.2. Fill-in-the-blanks: Blood flow into the_________ (pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit) would __________(increaseldecrease) if the left side of the heart fails. Blood flow into the ________(pulmonary circuit/systemic circuit) would _________(increaseldecrease) if the right side of the heart fails.
- 9. Which of the following accurately compares the heart of an adult male and the heart of an adult female? a. The heart of an adult male is slightly larger than that of an adult female. b. The heart of an adult male is slightly smaller than that of an adult female. c. The heart of an adult male beats slightly faster than that of an adult female. d. The heart of an adult male beats slightly slower than that of an adult female.5. Describe why heart failure is so often referred to as “congestive" heart failure.6. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A)The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+ B)Unlike skeletal muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to Ca2+ influx, not Na+ influx C)Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells D)After sodium influx through voltage gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolong influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. E)Like skeletal muscle cells, ventricular cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential primarily dependent on sodium.