Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
Fill in the missing starting material, reagents, or product for each reaction
![### Chemical Reactions and Mechanisms
**1. Deuteration of Acetaldehyde:**
**Reactants:**
\[ \text{H} - \text{C} = \text{O} + \text{CH}_3 \]
(Acetaldehyde)
**Product:**
\[ \text{H} - \text{C} = \text{O} + \text{CD}_3 \]
(Deuterated Acetaldehyde)
**Reaction Conditions:**
This reaction involves the replacement of hydrogen atoms with deuterium atoms in acetaldehyde.
**Possible Mechanism:**
- Use of a deuterium source to replace the hydrogen atoms.
---
**2. Dehydration of Cyclohexanol:**
**Reactants:**
Cyclohexanol derivatives:
- Top:
\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{-OH attached to a cyclohexane ring}
\end{array} \]
- Bottom:
\[ \text{Two methyl groups attached to a cyclohexane ring with an -OH group} \]
**Reagent:**
\[ p \text{-TsOH} \]
(Para-Toluenesulfonic acid, a strong acid catalyst)
**Reaction Conditions:**
\[ \Delta , \text{ "dry"} \]
(Heat and dry conditions)
**Products:**
**Top Reaction Product:**
An unsaturated six-membered ring (Cyclohexene-like structure).
**Bottom Reaction Product:**
A substituted cyclohexane derivative with a double bond (Methylcyclohexene).
---
### Summary of Diagrams and Reactions:
- **First Diagram:**
Shows the deuteration of acetaldehyde, involving the substitution of hydrogen atoms with deuterium.
- **Second Diagram:**
Displays cyclohexanol derivatives undergoing dehydration to form cyclohexene and substituted cyclohexene respectively under the influence of para-toluenesulfonic acid and heat.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F8cd017c2-5594-4f32-998a-c1390ce1b0d0%2F370cd1b3-4113-4875-a8bb-545850bf5e17%2F9bk44zn_reoriented.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps with 2 images
