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H H H3C- H. H 3. 1. 2.

H H H3C- H. H 3. 1. 2.

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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The image presents three molecular structures of hexane derivatives, labeled 1, 2, and 3, along with a 3D representation of isomers: 1. **Structure 1**: This molecule depicts a methylcyclohexane, where a methyl group (represented by a line) is attached to a cyclohexane ring. 2. **Structure 2**: This shows a t-butylcyclohexane, with a tert-butyl group represented by an intersection of lines attached to the cyclohexane ring. 3. **Structure 3**: Another isomer of cyclohexane with distinct side groups, displayed similarly with line intersections. **3D Representation**: On the right, a chair conformation of cyclohexane is illustrated. It includes marked hydrogen atoms (H) and a methyl group (CH₃) positioned equatorially for minimal steric strain. Each structure demonstrates various conformations and substituent positioning on cyclohexane rings, highlighting concepts like axial and equatorial positions critical for understanding steric effects in cyclic compounds.
Transcribed Image Text:The image presents three molecular structures of hexane derivatives, labeled 1, 2, and 3, along with a 3D representation of isomers: 1. **Structure 1**: This molecule depicts a methylcyclohexane, where a methyl group (represented by a line) is attached to a cyclohexane ring. 2. **Structure 2**: This shows a t-butylcyclohexane, with a tert-butyl group represented by an intersection of lines attached to the cyclohexane ring. 3. **Structure 3**: Another isomer of cyclohexane with distinct side groups, displayed similarly with line intersections. **3D Representation**: On the right, a chair conformation of cyclohexane is illustrated. It includes marked hydrogen atoms (H) and a methyl group (CH₃) positioned equatorially for minimal steric strain. Each structure demonstrates various conformations and substituent positioning on cyclohexane rings, highlighting concepts like axial and equatorial positions critical for understanding steric effects in cyclic compounds.
**F. Stability of Cycloalkanes - Ring Strain** Among the cyclic compounds found in nature, 5 or 6 member ring compounds are most stable. 3 and 4 member rings are less stable due to angle strain, as explained by Bayer Strain theory. Cyclic compounds can exist in puckered structures—more than 5 member rings are puckered and gain stability. Among different puckered conformations of cyclohexane, the chair conformation is more stable. When there are substituents, use the following tips to determine which chair conformation is most stable: I. The largest substituent should be in the equatorial position. In the axial position, the substituent will experience 1,3-diaxial interactions, which is less stable. II. In situations where two substituents are the same and one occupies the axial position while the other occupies the equatorial position, both chair conformations have the same degree of stability. **Practice Problems:** For the molecules below, draw the chair conformation in its most stable state. If both states have the same degree of stability, draw both.
Transcribed Image Text:**F. Stability of Cycloalkanes - Ring Strain** Among the cyclic compounds found in nature, 5 or 6 member ring compounds are most stable. 3 and 4 member rings are less stable due to angle strain, as explained by Bayer Strain theory. Cyclic compounds can exist in puckered structures—more than 5 member rings are puckered and gain stability. Among different puckered conformations of cyclohexane, the chair conformation is more stable. When there are substituents, use the following tips to determine which chair conformation is most stable: I. The largest substituent should be in the equatorial position. In the axial position, the substituent will experience 1,3-diaxial interactions, which is less stable. II. In situations where two substituents are the same and one occupies the axial position while the other occupies the equatorial position, both chair conformations have the same degree of stability. **Practice Problems:** For the molecules below, draw the chair conformation in its most stable state. If both states have the same degree of stability, draw both.
Expert Solution
Step 1: Stability of Chair Form

The stability of the chair form is determined by the number of equatorial substituents present in it.

Usually, the more the number of equatorial substituents, the higher will be the stability of the chair form.

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