Guide Questions: 1. What is the common end-product of proton-proton chain reaction and CNO cycle? 2. Why is CNO cycle important in stellar formation and evolution?
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Guide Questions:
1. What is the common end-product of proton-proton chain reaction and CNO cycle?
2. Why is CNO cycle important in stellar formation and evolution?
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- K. Consider the following nuclear decay equation; the half-life of Carbon 14 is 5730 years. What is name given to the particle represented by How many neutrons does this isotope of Carbon have?1. The mass of the Sun is about 2x10³0 kg. The Sun was about 72% hydrogen when it first formed. About 11% of the total amount of the Sun's hydrogen is available for fusion within the Sun's core. [3 points] (a) What is the total mass of hydrogen available for fusion, in kg? (b) The Sun fuses about 600 billion kg of hydrogen each second. Calculate how long the Sun's initial supply of hydrogen can last. Give your answer in both seconds and years. Hint: use the result you calculated in part (a). (c) We know that our Solar System is about 4.5 billion years old. Using your calculation above, how much longer do we have until the Sun runs out of hydrogen?Order the following statements so that they make sense according to star birth stages 1.At this stage, energy moves to the surface primarily through convection. At the end of this stage, the photosphere's temperature can reach 3,000K 2.In this stage, nuclear fusion starts and the energy transport mechanism switches from convection to radiative diffusion 3.In this stage, nuclear fusion rate is high enough to balance out the rate of radiative energy escape the surface 4.During this stage, gravitational contraction causes its luminosity to decrease because the protostar gets smaller while its surface temperature stays the same
- High energy cosmic rays from space hit the nitrogen in the atmosphereand convert it from nitrogen (N14) into carbon (C14). This produces a steadyconcentration of C14 in the atmosphere once the decay rate of the C14 back intoN14 matches the conversion rate from the cosmic ray flux (which is assumedto be constant for reasons you can ask me about if you want) a) What kind of radiation (what kind of particle) does the C14 emit when it decays? Tellme how you know?b) The concentration of C14 in plants (and animals) comes into equilibrium with the at-mosphere because living things use the ambient carbon to make their cellular structures.However, once a plant dies, it no longer consumes C14. The C14 starts to decay away—allowing us to calculate when the plant died because the C14/C12 ratio doesn’t match theatmosphere. If the half life of C14 is 5000 years, what is the age of a piece of charcoal froma site from the Clovis peoples of North America if the concentration of C14 is 15% of…1) a) Calculate the Jeans length for the dense core of a giant molecular cloud with T=10 K, n = 1010/m³, and µ=2. b) Estimate the adiabatic sound speed for this core, using y=5/3. c) Use this speed to find the amount of time required for a sound wave to cross the cloud t3=2Rj/vs. d) Compare your answer with the free-fall scale and comment your results.62. Pressure of the Photosphere. The gas pressure of the photosphere changes substantially from its upper levels to its lower levels. Near the top of the photosphere, the temperature is about 4500 K and there are about 1.6 x 1016 gas particles per cubic centimeter. In the middle, the temperature is about 5800 K and there are about 1.0 x 10" gas particles per cubic centimeter. At the bottom of the photosphere, the temperature is about 7000 K and there are about 1.5 × 10" gas particles per cubic centimeter. Use the ideal gas law (Mathematical Insight 14.2) to compare the pressures of each of these layers; explain the reason for the trend that you find. How do these gas pressures compare with Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level?
- A) A typical dust grain has a radius of about 0.1 micrometers and a mass of 10-14 grams. Roughly how many dust particles are in a cloud containing 1000 Msun of dusty gas if 1% of the cloud's mass is in the form of dust grains? B) What surface area would be covered by these grains if you put them side by side? Assume these grains are spherical. Answer in square light-years. C) Estimate the total surface area covered by the cloud assuming it's matter density is like that of a typical molecular cloud, about 10-21 g/cm3 (Hint: first calculate the clouds volume from it's mass and density, then determine its radius using the formula for volume of a sphere) Answer in square light-years. D) Comparing all above answers, What are the chances (very roughly) that a photon passing through the cloud will hit a dust grain?Another explanation for the Universe is the Steady State Hypothesis. The Steady State Hypothesis says that the Universe has always existed and is infinite in extent. Which of the following supports the Big Bang Theory and which supports the Steady State Model. (Select B-Big Bang Theory, S-Steady State Model, If the first is B and the rest S, enter BSSSSS). A) An observation that some globular clusters show M-type stars that have evolved off the main sequence. B) The measurement of redshifts that show galaxies appear to be moving away from each other and the Universe is expanding. C) A measurement that shows the density of the Universe is close to the critical density. D) The measurement of the microwave background radiation. E) Observing that galaxies at very large distances look identical to those in the nearby universe.