Group Group Size Mean Standard Deviation Concussion 25 5784 609.3 Nonconcussion 25 6489 815.4 Is there evidence of a difference in mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions than those without concussions? Let µC be the mean brain size for players who have had concussions, and let µNC be the mean for those who have not had concussions. Select the appropriate hypotheses that best describe this research quIestion

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### The Effect of Concussions on Brain Size: A Study on Collegiate Football Players

Researchers aimed to investigate the impact of concussions on brain size by measuring the hippocampal volume (in microliters) of collegiate football players. The study involved two groups: 25 players with a history of clinician-diagnosed concussions and 25 players without a history of concussions. The table below summarizes the findings:

| Group           | Group Size | Mean  | Standard Deviation |
|-----------------|-------------|-------|---------------------|
| Concussion      | 25          | 5784  | 609.3               |
| Nonconcussion  | 25          | 6489  | 815.4               |

The central research question is whether there is a significant difference in the mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. For this analysis:

- Let \(\mu_C\) represent the mean brain size for players who have had concussions.
- Let \(\mu_{NC}\) represent the mean brain size for players who have not had concussions.

### Hypothesis Testing

To address the research question, we need to formulate and select the appropriate hypotheses:

#### Null Hypothesis (\(H_0\)):
There is no difference in mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. Mathematically, this can be stated as:
\[H_0: \mu_C = \mu_{NC}\]

#### Alternative Hypothesis (\(H_1\)):
There is a difference in mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. Mathematically, this can be stated as:
\[H_1: \mu_C \neq \mu_{NC}\]

### Statistical Analysis

To determine if there is a significant difference, we need to calculate the standard error (\(SE\)), the t-statistic (\(t\)), and the P-value based on the given data. 

1. **Standard Error \(SE\):** This measures the accuracy with which a sample represents a population and is calculated by the following formula for two independent samples:
\[SE = \sqrt{\left(\frac{s_C^2}{n_C}\right) + \left(\frac{s_{NC}^2}{n_{NC}}\right)}\]
where 
\(s_C\) and \(s_{NC}\) are the standard deviations, and
Transcribed Image Text:### The Effect of Concussions on Brain Size: A Study on Collegiate Football Players Researchers aimed to investigate the impact of concussions on brain size by measuring the hippocampal volume (in microliters) of collegiate football players. The study involved two groups: 25 players with a history of clinician-diagnosed concussions and 25 players without a history of concussions. The table below summarizes the findings: | Group | Group Size | Mean | Standard Deviation | |-----------------|-------------|-------|---------------------| | Concussion | 25 | 5784 | 609.3 | | Nonconcussion | 25 | 6489 | 815.4 | The central research question is whether there is a significant difference in the mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. For this analysis: - Let \(\mu_C\) represent the mean brain size for players who have had concussions. - Let \(\mu_{NC}\) represent the mean brain size for players who have not had concussions. ### Hypothesis Testing To address the research question, we need to formulate and select the appropriate hypotheses: #### Null Hypothesis (\(H_0\)): There is no difference in mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. Mathematically, this can be stated as: \[H_0: \mu_C = \mu_{NC}\] #### Alternative Hypothesis (\(H_1\)): There is a difference in mean brain size between football players with a history of concussions and those without. Mathematically, this can be stated as: \[H_1: \mu_C \neq \mu_{NC}\] ### Statistical Analysis To determine if there is a significant difference, we need to calculate the standard error (\(SE\)), the t-statistic (\(t\)), and the P-value based on the given data. 1. **Standard Error \(SE\):** This measures the accuracy with which a sample represents a population and is calculated by the following formula for two independent samples: \[SE = \sqrt{\left(\frac{s_C^2}{n_C}\right) + \left(\frac{s_{NC}^2}{n_{NC}}\right)}\] where \(s_C\) and \(s_{NC}\) are the standard deviations, and
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