Given that the 13th Amendment established the abolition of involuntary servitude, how did the loophole in the 13th Amendment that specifically related to "except in cases of incarceration" relate historically to Black Codes, chains gangs, and ultimately the prison complex we have in the US today?

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Given that the 13th Amendment established the abolition of involuntary servitude, how did the loophole in the 13th Amendment that specifically related to "except in cases of incarceration" relate historically to Black Codes, chains gangs, and ultimately the prison complex we have in the US today?

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