Give arguments in favor of against the following statements. a) In case of two goods model, convexity holds if and only if commodities are complements and their marginal utilities are diminishing b) All commodities in the consumption bundle of consumer can neither be inferior nor luxury c) Quasi concavity of utility function is a consequence of convexity axiom on consumer preferences. On the other hand, quasi-convexity of indirect utility function needs no assumption to be imposed on consumer preferences.
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- Suppose a consumer purchases food X and clothing Y. The utility function of the consumeris given by: U(X,Y ) = XY + 5Y and the budget /income/ of the consumer is 200 ETB. Andalso the price of food is X P and the price of clothing is Y P . Then drive the equation ofconsumer’s demand function for food and clothing.Let the following table represents the total utility of a given consumer, in the cardinal utility approach A) Calculate the MUx and MUy and fill the table in the 4th and 5th rows. B) If the two products (X&Y) are free goods how many of X and Y should the cons consumer take to maximize utility? C) What is the maximum utility of X and Y if they are free?. D) Assuming the consumer has any amount of money (enough budget) how many of X and Y should the consumer buy, to maximize utility? E) What is the total utility of X and Y? F) Let now price of X is 4 birr per unit and price of Y is 2 birr per unit and budget of the consumer for consumption of X and Y is 20 birr. Given budget constraint how many of X and Y should the consumer buy to maximize utility? G) What are the total utility of X and Yhe Calculus of Utility Maximization and Expenditure Minimization -End of Appendix Problem uppose that there are two goods, X and Y. The price of X is $2 per unit, and the price of Y is $1 per unit. There are two onsumers, A and B. The utility functions for the consumers are UA(X,Y)= X05.05 UB(X,Y)= X0.8y0.2 Consumer A has an income of $100, and Consumer B has an income of $300. Using Lagrangians, solve for the optimal bundles of goods X and Y for both consumers A and B. a. The optimal bundle for consumer A is X = 25 and Y* = 50 - b. The optimal bundle for consumer B is X = 120 and Y* = 60
- a) Assume that an individual consumes two goods, and achieves the benetby çonsuming respectively 1 x and x units of each of the goods. Define the terms indifference curve and budget condition, and show the consumer benefit-maximizing good combination in a chart. Explain why this one the combination solves the utility maximization problem. b) Assume that the preferences of the consumer can be expressed by the utility function W),4 + X, 2 and that the price per unit x 1 is p =, the price per unit x 2 is 2 p= and that the income ( m ) is 200. Find the consumer's optimal choice in this case.a. Is the “more is better” assumption satisfied for both goods? Explain.b. What type of function is this? Explain.c. Provide expressions for the marginal utilities of x and y and does the marginal utility of x increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of x? Explain. Does the marginal utility of y increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of y? Explain.d. Provide an expression for the marginal rate of substitution of x for y.e. Is MRSx,y diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes more x for y alongan indifference curve? Explain.f. On a graph with x on the horizontal axis and y on the vertical axis, draw the indifferencecurves for U1 and U2 where U2 has a higher value than U1 instructions: answer d,e, and f onlya. Is the “more is better” assumption satisfied for both goods? Explain.b. What type of function is this? Explain.c. Provide expressions for the marginal utilities of x and y and does the marginal utility of x increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of x? Explain. Does the marginal utility of y increase, remain constant, or diminish as the consumer buysmore units of y? Explain.d. Provide an expression for the marginal rate of substitution of x for y.e. Is MRSx,y diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes more x for y alongan indifference curve? Explain.f. On a graph with x on the horizontal axis and y on the vertical axis, draw the indifferencecurves for U1 and U2 where U2 has a higher value than U1
- Law of equi marginal utility is an important law of cardinal utility analysis. Explain this law with the help of its assumptions. Also explain the mechanism that how the total utility will be maximum at a point when the marginal utilities of both the goods become equal. Furthermore, there is a relationship between total and marginal utilities where they both pass through different stages when the consumer continues his or her consumption regularly. Describe this case brieflyA utility function is called separable if it can be written as U(x, y) = U (x) + U,(y), where U > 0, U" < 0, and U1, U, need not be the same function. a. What does separability assume about the cross-partial derivative U„? Give an intuitive discussion of what word this condition means and in what situations it might be plausible. b. Show that if utility is separable then neither good can be inferior. c. Does the assumption of separability allow you to con- clude definitively whether x and y are gross substitutes or gross complements? Explain. d. Use the Cobb-Douglas utility function to show that separability is not invariant with respect to monotonic transformations. Note: Separable functions are examined in more detail in the Extensions to this chapter.a good is normal, then an increase in the price of the good will lead to which of the following to be true for this good? (Assume that there are only two goods, the individual's preferences lead to well-behaved preferences with strictly convex indifference curves and an interior solution for all budgets). Let SE = substitution effect, IE = income effect) (a) The magnitude of the IE for this good must be larger than the magnitude of the SE (b) The magnitude of the SE for this good must be larger than the magnitude of the IE (c) The good could be a Giffen good d) The good must be an ordinary good ( (e) None of the above
- A 2015 report by the music industry estimated the revenue lost to the industry every yearfrom illegal downloading. In this problem we will derive some of the estimates that may havegone into their calculation (approximately).First, start with the individual consumer’s problem. Suppose a typical consumer has a yearlyentertainment budget of I that they can allocate between music downloads (D) and otherforms of entertainment (E). Consumer preferences are characterized by a utility functionU(D, E). a.) Write an expression for the consumer’s budget constraint as a function of their entertainment budget and the prices of music downloads (Pd ) and other entertainment (Pe). (b) Write the consumer’s constrained optimization problem in Lagrangian form. (Note: Youdo not need to solve it or derive first order conditions.)Let the following table represent the total utility of a given consumer,In the cardinal utility approach. A) Calculate the MUx and MUy and fill the table in the 4th and 5th rows. B) If the two products (X&Y) are free goods how many of X and Y should the cons consumer take to maximize utility? C) What is the maximum utility of X and Y if they are free?. D) Assuming the consumer has any amount of money (enough budget) how many of X and Y should the consumer buy, to maximize utility? E) What is the total utility of X and Y? F) Let now price of X is 4 birr per unit and price of Y is 2 birr per unit and budget of the consumer for consumption of X and Y is 20 birr. Given budget constraint how many of X and Y should the consumer buy to maximize utility? G) What are the total utility of X and YIn two commodities world, utility function for a consumer and her income are given respectively. 11 U = x2y2 I= 480 If the price of these goods are Px= 15 and P, = 60 what would be her demand for these two goods * =? and y =? If the price of first good P has increased from 15 to 60. To keep her utility fixed how much does she need to spend for these two goods at least. In other words what should be her minimum income.