Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Introduction
It is finals week on college campus and everybody is in the middle of studying for exams, just waiting for summer break. Björn, Chris, Esiankiki, Xiao-Ma, Sanjeet and Linda are studying together in the international students dorm.
Björn: Hey, how are you doing with studying? I’m tired ...
Chris: Me too. Let’s take a break. I could also use some ice cream after that last final I bombed.
Esiankiki: Did I hear ice-cream?I love ice cream! Let’s go downtown and find a spot.Is everybody coming? Let’s go!
Xiao-Ma: Hm, I can’t tolerate dairy so I usually don’t get ice-cream or other milk products. Sorry guys, I’ll stay behind.
Linda: What does that mean? Do you just not like milk? I used to hate milk as a little kid.
Xiao-Ma: No, I actually get really bad stomach cramps, bloating and diarrhea from milk. It’s not pretty. My whole family is that way. When we were still living in China, it wasn’t a big deal because we don’t tradi- tionally eat a lot of milk products there.
Sanjeet: Same for me! I get the same thing, and in India we don’t eat a lot of dairy either, so it’s not a problem if I eat Indian food. My mom gave me Lactaid® though, so that helps me to eat ice-cream. Xiao-Ma, I can give you some. Let’s go!
Part I – Geographical Variation in Tolerance to Dairy
I.i – Survey of Dairy Intolerance
Björn:
Wait, so are you saying that where you’re from, people are generally not able to digest milk? At home in Sweden, we eat dairy products like milk and cheese all the time and everyone I know seems to tolerate it well.
Linda:That’s so interesting! I’m curious to see how that maps to the world and if what you observed could be generally true. Let’s do a survey in the international dorm and find out who is tolerant to dairy and where they are from. I’ll put a black dot for a dairy tolerant person in his or her home country and a white dot for a dairy intolerant person. I’ll start with Xiao-Ma—one white dot in China!
I.ii – Quantification of Dairy Intolerance by Region
3. Count the black and white dots for each circled region and calculate the percentage of dairy tolerant people in each region. Plot your findings in the graph below. *graph attached*
Question:
- Do you see patterns in the geographic distribution of the black and white dots? Describe the pattern qualitatively (graph attached)
- How would you quantify these patterns?
- What does this data mean in terms of likelihood for a person from a particular geographic area to be dairy tolerant?
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