Gene of interest T-DNA vector kan (confers kanamycin resistance) Site where Gene of interest is inserted into T DNA restriction the T DNA of the T-DNA vector. enzyme cuts Recombinant T-DNA vector The recombinant T-DNA vector is transformed into A. tumefaciens. A. tumefaciens Recombinant T-DNA vector Plant cells are exposed to A. tumefaciens. The T DNA is transferred and incorporated into the plant cell chromosome. Carbenicillin and kanamycin are then added to kill A. tumefaciens cells and plant cells that have not taken up T DNA, respectively. Plant cell Inserted T DNA carrying new gene The plant cells are transferred to a medium containing growth hormones to regenerate an entire plant. Plant with cloned gene FIGURE 22.14 The transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from A. tumefaciens.

Q: how  Misguided translocations can help cause Burkitt lymphoma?

A: Burkitt lymphoma is a rare cancer of the B-lymphocytes. It is a solid tumor that mostly affects…

Q: How do we know that during transduction bacterial cell-to- cell contact is not essential?

A: Transduction is a process of genetic recombination by which a foreign DNA is transferred into a…

Q: Is the Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells an example of virus-encoded molecules…

A: No, this mechanism is a common theme in viral infection, including poliovirus infection. This is…

Q: What is the likely mechanism of spread of NDM-1?

A: NDM-1 is the protein product of a gene that some bacteria produce. A bacterial strain containing…

Q: What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, they are present in various shapes in nature like rod-shaped,…

Q: The RNA transcript of a region of T4 phage DNA contains the sequence 5’-AAAUGAGGA-3'. This sequence…

A: The bacteriophage T4 encodes 10 proteins, which are collectively known as the replisome, that are…

Q: What are the steps in making an mRNA vaccine?

A: mRNA vaccines combine ideal immunological houses with an exceptional protection profile and the…

Q: Given that the the trp operon is a negative repressible operon what happens to the trp repressor in…

A: Introduction  The lac operon model is a classic example of gene regulation in prokaryotic cells. The…

Q: In what major way does transcription of phage DNA differ inphages T4 and T7?

A: The central dogma of the protein synthesis process involves transcription and translation.…

Q: Which form of HIV RNA, fully spliced, incompletely spiced, or unspliced, is needed during the early…

A: HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a positive strand enveloped RNA virus, belongs to…

Q: In immediate-early transcription of the phage genome, the N protein works as an antiterminator to…

A: Lambda phage is a bacteriophage which can enter either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. The…

Q: How to create recombinant T-cell receptors(TCRs) ?

A: T-lymphocytic cells are one of the important components of the immune system along with…

Q: If I purchase a mouse anti GAPDH antibody what will it bind to?

A: Introduction  Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or GAPDH, is a universal enzyme present in…

Q: What is the name of protein subjected to IP? What is the importance of the pY blot? How many…

A: Immunoprecipitation or IP is a technology that precipitates a protein from the solution with the…

Q: What is the function of the Matrix protein during rabies virus pathogenesis?

A: Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that is responsible for causing rabies disease in humans as well…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: The following interactions occur during the expression and secretion of an antibody heavy-chain…

A: 1. A signal peptide sequence and a signal recognition particle (SRP) interact (Step c):  - Early in…

Q: Is the Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells an example of virus-encoded molecules…

A: The objective of the question is to understand whether the degradation of Xrn1 in…

Q: Why might a virus encode its own version of an MHC class I molecule?

A: To determine: To determine why a virus encode its own version of an MHC class I molecule

Q: Why are mRNA vaccines more effective than conventional vaccines?

A: Introduction :- A vaccine is a preparation that stimulates the body's immunological response to…

Q: Your group is a team of transplantation doctors who are treating a patient who received a kidney…

A: We are a team of transplant physicians caring for a patient who has had a kidney transplant. To try…

Q: How is the gp120 protein important to HIV and its ability to confound the immune system?

A: Envelope glycoprotein GP120 is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope.

Q: he acquired antibiotic resistance genes encode what types of proteins that can inhibit the function…

A: It is the result of an evolutionary process by which microorganisms adapt to antibiotics through…

Q: Briefly describe the grafting process.

A: Grafting is the process of joining two plants together to grow as one. The upper portion of the…

Q: How do mRNA vaccines work? What are their disadvantages?

A: A relatively new class of vaccinations called mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines has been created to…

Q: Why is it important to match HLA alleles between donor and recipient in organ transplantation?

A: HLA(human leukocyte antigen) are proteins or markers that are found on most cells in our body. They…

Q: What is the toxin produced by E. coli O157:H7 that was encode by phage as a consequence of lysogenic…

A: E. coli is a gram-negative bacillus and some of its strains have evolved into pathogens. One of…

Q: What mechanism in the mRNA covid-19 vaccine allows the immune system to recognize the cell as…

A: mRNA vaccines are new type of vaccine to protect against infectious diseases.In order to trigger the…

Q: What changes can be made to an mRNA transcript to be used in a vaccine in order to change its…

A: mRNA is basically composed of protein encoding ORF, surrounded by 5′ and 3′ UTRs, and a 7-methyl…

Q: Explain why IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?

A: Ans: IgG is one of the class of antibody important in eliciting the immune response.

Q: can you please explain the last part of step 2 further? Specifically this  "The complementation…

A: Mutations are heritable changes in the genes of an organism. Mutations in genes cause the production…

Q: Cell line A was cultured in the absence and presence of KB9520 or PPT. You then lyse the cells and…

A: Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a family of transcription factors that play a critical role in a…

Q: Describe the recombination events that produce a matureheavy-chain gene and other somatic events…

A: One gene encodes one protein, this mechanism occurs in most of the proteins. However, in…

Q: What is the purpose of a booster vaccination?

A: A preparation that is biologically made and provides active acquired immunity against a particular…

Q: What are the major differences between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2?

A: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 (human T-cell leukaemia viruses 1 and 2) have identical genomic structures that…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.