G, a 13 year old teenager from Redondo Beach, CA and his parents were vacationing in the French Alps atop the famous Col de la Madeleine located 6,539 ft. above sea level (more than 1,000 ft. above Denver where water boils at 93.1°C). EG decided to make breakfast for his parents using the same techniques from home. He prepared buttered toast, two hard-boiled eggs that were cooked for four minutes each, and a half cup of cottage cheese topped with three pear slices. Later that evening, his parents show the following symptoms: fever, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. The next morning they were also experiencing bloody diarrhea and decided to visit the local emergency room. The physician pronounced that they were experiencing a bacterial infection and asked about their activities to better understand the source of the infection. 1. What is the elevation in Redondo Beach, CA? 2. At what temperature does water boil in Redondo Beach, CA (hint: see chapter 6 of your lecture text) 3. At what temperature does water boil in Col de la Madeleine (there is a nice table of the relationship between boiling point and elevation in your lecture text or at the following website: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-points-water-altitude-d_1344.html). 4. What is the most likely bacterial that caused their infection based on the information above? 5. How did EG’s parents become infected with this bacteria? 6. What steps could have been taken to prevent infection? 7. List any additional references used below (websites, books, journal articles, etc.).
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
EG, a 13 year old teenager from Redondo Beach, CA and his parents were vacationing in the French Alps atop the famous Col de la Madeleine located 6,539 ft. above sea level (more than 1,000 ft. above Denver where water boils at 93.1°C). EG decided to make breakfast for his parents using the same techniques from home. He prepared buttered toast, two hard-boiled eggs that were cooked for four minutes each, and a half cup of cottage cheese topped with three pear slices. Later that evening, his parents show the following symptoms: fever, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. The next morning they were also experiencing bloody diarrhea and decided to visit the local emergency room. The physician pronounced that they were experiencing a bacterial infection and asked about their activities to better understand the source of the infection.
1. What is the elevation in Redondo Beach, CA?
2. At what temperature does water boil in Redondo Beach, CA (hint: see chapter 6 of your lecture text)
3. At what temperature does water boil in Col de la Madeleine (there is a nice table of the relationship between boiling point and elevation in your lecture text or at the following website:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-points-water-altitude-d_1344.html).
4. What is the most likely bacterial that caused their infection based on the information above?
5. How did EG’s parents become infected with this bacteria?
6. What steps could have been taken to prevent infection?
7. List any additional references used below (websites, books, journal articles, etc.).
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