60 kip The A-36 steel column is encased in high-strength concrete as shown. If an axial force of 60 kip is applied to the column, determine the required area of the steel so that the force is shared equally between the steel and 9 in. 16 in. concrete. How far does the column shorten? It has an original length 8 ft of 8 ft. Answer: 8 = 0.0055 mm

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Crack Detection

Concrete materials are meant for supporting structures, building foundations and they act as several load-bearing structures. Over time, due to environmental conditions, and based on the constituent materials used, concrete materials are subjected to a great degree of distress. Corrosion of the reinforcement bars due to chemical influences, uneven base, earthquake, drying shrinkages, and alkali-aggregate reactions are some of the reasons for concrete distress.