Friction factor, which is the resistance to flow in such conduits is parameterized by a dimensionless number. It plays a vital role in determining fluid flow through pipes and tubes in many areas of engineering and science. In engineering, typical applications include the flow of liquids and gases through pipelines and cooling systems. In a turbulent flow, the Colebrook equation provides a means to calculate the friction factor: 1 0 = =+ 2log(- 2.51 + 3.7D ' Reyf Where, f = friction factor, e = roughness (m), D = diameter (m), and Re = Reynolds number: pVD Re =

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Distribution System

The final stage in the delivery of the electric power is the electric power distribution system. From the transmission system to the individual customers it carries electricity. The distribution system is connected with the transmission system and is used to lower the voltage of the transmission to medium voltage in the range of 2 kV to 35 kV with the help of transformers. This medium voltage to the distribution transformers located near the customer's premises is carried by the primary distribution system lines. These distribution transformers in turn lower the voltage to utilization voltage used in lightings, household appliances, industrial equipments etc. Through secondary distribution lines often several customers are supplied from one transformer. It is through service drops, the commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution system lines. Customers who demand a larger amount of power can be connected directly to the primary distribution system level or the sub-transmission level.