For vessels being filled with liquid, volatile emissions are generated from two sources, as shown in Figure 1. These sources are evaporation of the liquid and displacement of the vapor in the vapor space by the liquid filling the vessel. Railroad cars are being splash-filled with Heptane. The 11776 gal cars are being filled at the rate of one every 9.6 hr. The filling hole in the tank car is 2.3 inch in diameter. The ventilation rate is estimated at 3805 ft3/min. The temperature is 62 °F and the pressure is 1 atm. a) Assume suitable displacement term and calculate the concentration of Heptane vapor as a result of this filling operation. b) Recommend the suitable concentration level and concentration range as per industry safety standards with justification.

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Basic Chemical Calculations (Process and Variables)

A basic chemical calculation involves the application of the law of chemical proportions to various reactions and material and energy balance calculations on various chemical processes. Basic chemical calculation helps students analyze various chemical processes and develop problem-solving skills. The chemical manufacturing processes are divided into unit operations involving physical changes of material and unit processes involving the chemical transformation of materials. For instance, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are unit operations, and oxidation, reduction, and pyrolysis are unit processes.