For the following driver circuit, calculate the base resistor to fully turn on the LED display. This is a typical LED configuration. Remember that each LED has a forward voltage drop and for this problem assume that this voltage drop is 3.3 volts each for three series LEDS. The BJT will be saturated with Vce = 0. Vdd for the processor is 5 volts. 12V 502 LED DSPLAY VE = 3.3 v EACH Ves = 5 v

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Up-down counter

In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device that stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock. A sequential digital logic circuit is the most common type with an input line or clock and multiple output lines. In the binary or binary-coded decimal (BCD) number system, the values on the input line represents a number by several flip-flops connected in a cascaded manner. They are manufactured as separate integrated circuits and are widely used components in digital circuits. These are also a part of larger integrated circuits. These are a specific type of sequential circuit like registers or the value of the flip-flops serving as the output.