Fittings and adapters are simple components used in piping networks to connect various forms of pipes or tubes of different sizes, shapes, and orientations. As mechanical engineers, we know that fittings disturb the flowing fluid and cause minor losses; in other words, pressure drops. The manufacturers well document the loss coefficients of the fittings to make it possible to design complex piping networks with dozens of fittings in a straightforward. Suppose that you are a design engineer, and determining the pressure drop across a fittings component is defined on you. As a first step, here we consider one of the simplest fittings components, 90° elbow. In a dedicated setup, the elbow connects the horizontal and vertical tubes with an inner diameter of 10 cm. The elbow is leaned to a support element to measure the reacting forces (horizontal and vertical components) that arise from changing the direction of the flowing fluid within the elbow. You have carefully checked the standard measurement techniques for such systems and placed two pressure sensors on the horizontal and vertical pipes. In standards, it is suggested to place the sensors on the flanges, where the elbow is connected to the main pipeline. Suppose th
2. Fittings and adapters are simple components used in piping networks to connect various forms of pipes or tubes of different sizes, shapes, and orientations. As
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