Financial assets include stocks and bonds. These are fairly simple securities that can often be valued using quoted market prices. However, there are more complex financial instruments that do not have quoted market prices. These complex securities must still be valued on the balance sheet at fair value. Generally accepted accounting principles require that the reporting entity use assumptions in valuing investments when market prices or critical valuation inputs are unobservable. What are the ethical considerations in making subjective valuations of these complex financial instruments?

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Functions of Financial Institutions

Financial institutions are businesses that are formed to deal with financial and monetary transactions. These organizations primarily accept deposits, advance loans, make investments, and provide foreign exchange services. Financial institutions include, but are not limited to, banks, insurance companies, trust companies, brokerage firms, and investment bankers. Because financial institutions play such an important role in the economy in terms of monetary transactions, regulating their activities has become a requirement for governmental authorities. As a result, the government creates a multitude of laws and regulations to oversee the activities of financial institutions.