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- Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a gasoline additive that can be produced by fermentation of glucose. C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2 (a) Calculate the mass (g) of ethanol produced by the fermentation of 1.000 lb glucose. (b) Gasohol is a mixture of 10.00 mL ethanol per 90.00 mL gasoline. Calculate the mass (in g) of glucose required to produce the ethanol in 1.00 gal gasohol. Density of ethanol = 0.785 g/mL. (c) By 2022, the U. S. Energy Independence and Security Act calls for annual production of 3.6 1010 gal of ethanol, no more than 40% of it produced by fermentation of corn. Fermentation of 1 ton (2.2 103 lb) of corn yields approximately 106 gal of ethanol. The average corn yield in the United States is about 2.1 105 lb per 1.0 105 m2. Calculate the acreage (in m2) required to raise corn solely for ethanol production in 2022 in the United States.The carbon dioxide exhaled in the breath of astronauts is often removed from the spacecraft by reaction with lithium hydroxide 2LiOH(s)+CO2(g)Li2CO3(s)+H2O(l) Estimate the grams of lithium hydroxide required per astronaut per day. Assume that each astronaut requires 2.50 103 kcal of energy per day. Further assume that this energy can be equated to the heat of combustion of a quantity of glucose, C6H12O6, to CO2(g) and H2O(l). From the amount of glucose required to give 2.50 103 kcal of heat, calculate the amount of CO2 produced and hence the amount of LiOH required. The H for glucose(s) is 1273 kJ/mol.You are given mixtures containing the following compounds. Which compound in each pair could be separated by stirring the solid mixture with water? (a) NaOH and Ca(OH)2 (b) MgC12 and MgF2 (c) AgI and KI (d) NH4Cl and PbCl2
- What mass of solid NaOH (97.0% NaOH by mass) is required to prepare 1.00 L of a 10.0% solution of NaOH by mass? The density of the 10.0% solution is 1.109 g/mL.How many carbon monoxide molecules (CO) are needed to react with 8 hydrogen molecules (H2) to produce methyl alcohol molecules (CH3OH)?Experiments show that propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH) is a weak acid. Write the chemical equation.
- How is the addition of heat symbolized in a chemical equation? The addition of light energy?Many over-the-counter antacid tablets are now formulated using calcium carbonate as the active ingredient, which enables such tablets to also be used as dietary calcium supplements. As an antacid for gastric hyperacidity, calcium carbonate reacts by combining with hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, producing a solution of calcium chloride, converting the stomach acid to water, and releasing carbon dioxide gas (which the person suffering from stomach problems may feel as a “burp”). Write the unbalanced chemical equation for this process.The reusable booster rockets of the space shuttle use a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate as fuel. A possible reaction is 3Al(s)+3NH4ClO4(s)Al2O3(s)+AlCl3(s)+3NO(g)+6H2O(g) Calculate H for this reaction
- Many cereals are made with high moisture content so that the cereal can be formed into various shapes before it is dried. A cereal product containing 58% H2O by mass is produced at the rate of 1000. kg/h. What mass of water must be evaporated per hour if the final product contains only 20.% water?4-102 Aspartame, an artificial sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages, has the molecular formula C14H18N2O5. (a) How many mg of aspartame are present in 3.72 × 1026 molecules of aspartame? (b) Imagine you obtain 25.0 mL of aspartame, which is known to have a density of 1.35 g/mL. How many molecules of aspartame are present in this volume? (c) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame? (d) Complete the skeletal structure of aspartame, where all the bonded atoms are shown but double bonds, triple bonds, and/or lone pairs are missing. (e) Identify the various types of geometries present in each central atom of aspartame using VSEPR theory. (f) Determine the various relative bond angles associated with each central atom of aspartame using VSEPR theory. (g) What is the most polar bond in aspartame? (h) Would you predict aspartame to be polar or nonpolar? (i) Is aspartame expected to possess resonance? Explain why or why not. (j) Consider the combustion of aspartame, which results in formation of NO2(g) as well as other expected products. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. (k) Calculate the weight of C02(g) that can be prepared from 1.62 g of aspartame mixed with 2.11 g of oxygen gas.A geologist discovers a magnesium carbonate hydroxide hydrated salt with the chemical formula Mg5(CO3)5(OH)4•nH2O. The geologist determines that the original hydrated sample weighs 3.967 g. After heating the salt to its anhydrous form it weighs 1.149 g. How many waters of hydration are present in the original hydrated salt?