Figure P23.28 shows a curved surface separating a material with index of refraction n1 from a material with index n2 . The surface forms an image I of object o. The ray shown in red passes through the surface along a radial line. Its angles of incidence and refraction are both zero, so its direction does not change at the surface. For the ray shown in blue, the direction changes according to n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin02 . For paraxial rays, we assume θ1 and θ2 are small, so we may write n1 tan θ1 = n2 tan θ2. The magnification is defined as M =h′/h. Prove that the magnification is given by M = −n1 q/n2p.
Refraction of Light
Refraction is a change in the direction of light rays when they travel from one medium to another. It is the bending of light when it goes through different media.
Angle of Refraction
Light is considered by many scientists to have dual nature, both particle nature and wave nature. First, Particle nature is one in which we consider a stream of packets of energy called photons. Second, Wave nature is considering light as electromagnetic radiation whereas part of it is perceived by humans. Visible spectrum defined by humans lies in a range of 400 to 700 nm wavelengths.
Index of Refraction of Diamond
Diamond, the world’s hardest naturally occurring material and mineral known, is a solid form of the element carbon. The atoms are arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. They exist in a huge variety of colours. Also, they are one of the best conductors of heat and have a very high melting point.
Figure P23.28 shows a curved surface separating a material with index of refraction n1 from a material with index n2 . The surface forms an image I of object o. The ray shown in red passes through the surface along a radial line. Its angles of incidence and refraction are both zero, so its direction does not change at the surface. For the ray shown in blue, the direction changes according to n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin02 . For paraxial rays, we assume θ1 and θ2 are small, so we may write n1 tan θ1 = n2 tan θ2. The magnification is defined as M =h′/h. Prove that the magnification is given by M = −n1 q/n2p.
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