Figure P12.36 shows a 3 X 5 pile group consisting of 15 concrete piles of 400 mm diameter and 12 m in length. What would be the maximum load that can be allowed on the mat with a factor of safety of 3? The piles have a center to-center spacing of 1200 mm. Le = ?

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.