Figure (a) shows the cross section of a column that uses a structural shape known as W8 × 67 (wide-flange beam, nominally 8 in. deep, weighing 67 lb/ft). The American Institute of Steel Construction Structural Steel Handbook lists the following cross-sectional properties: A=19.7 in?, Ix =272 in4, and ly =88.6 in. Figure (b) shows the cross-sectional dimensions for the structural steel section known as C10 x 20 (channel with a nominal depth of 10 in., weighing 20 lb/ft). The American Institute of Steel Construction Structural Steel Handbook lists the following properties for the cross section: A=5.88 in?, Ix =78.9 in“, and ly =2.81 in". If a W8 x 67 section is joined to a C10 x 20 section to form a structural member that has the cross section shown in Figure (c), a. Locate the centroid of the built-up section in the Figure (c). b. Calculate the centroidal moments of inertia, Ix and ly for this cross section.

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.