FIGURE 6.16 Glycolysis This pathway oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, reducing power in the form of NADH, and six different precursor metaboltes. 2 How many ATPS-total and net-are produced from breaking down one molecule of glucose in glycolysis? Glucose АТР ATP is used to add a phosphate group. ADP Glucose- 6-phosphate A chemical rearrangement occurs. Fructose- 6-phosphate АТР ATP is used to add a phosphate group. ADP Fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate A chemical rearrangement of one of the molecules occurs. Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate NAD NAD The addition of a phosphate group is coupled to a redox reaction, generating NADH and a high-energy phosphate bond. NADH + H* NADH + H* 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate ADP ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP 3-Phospho- glycerate A chemical rearrangement occurs. 2-Phospho- glycerate Water is removed, causing the phosphate bond to become high-energy. H.C H,0 Phospho- enolpyruvate ADP 10 ATP is produced by substrate-level ATP phosphorylation. Ругuvate
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
How many ATPs—total and net—are produced from breaking down one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?
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