Figure 15.5 Anticoagulants can be added to blood that will combine with the Ca2+ ions in blood serum and prevent the blood from clotting. (credit: modification of work by Neeta Lind) Mainere WIS n Varutaine T etie FOR LLUNCE CLAMS
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Blood will not clot if calcium ions are removed from its plasma. Some blood collection tubes contain salts of the oxalate ion, C2 O4 2−, for this purpose (as shown). At sufficiently high concentrations, the calcium and oxalate ions form solid, CaC2O4∙H2O (which also contains water bound in the solid). The
concentration of Ca2+ in a sample of blood serum is 2.2 × 10–3 M. What concentration of C2 O4 2− ion must be established before CaC2O4∙H2O begins to precipitate?
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