Explain the trade-off betweennumber of offspring andamount of parental investmentper offspring.The trade-offs of parentingParental investment expenditure of timeand energy on one offspringPros: parental investment may inorease the chances ofan offspring to sunvive and reproducew net l eCons parental in vestmentreduces the parent's abilitybgenerate additional offspringParental investmentis a limitedresourceWhy do males and femaleshave different reproductivestrategies? Why do males inmany species employ anumber-of-offspring strategywhile females employ theparental investment strategy?Females are more likely to gain fromparental investment:Evolution of sexual reproduction1. The of tspring they care for have 100% ccarrying their genesDivergent selection that favored twoalternative reproductive strategies% chance of2. Their gain from multiple mates is limitedbetter tonvest in parenting than in mating1. Numberof-ofthoring sategy Individuabwhose gametes are good at fertilizing othergametes (smal, mobile, largenumber ofMale-biased operational sex-ratio the ratio ofsexually receptive males to sexually receptivefemales2 Parental investment strategy Individuabwhose gameles are good at developing aftarbeing fertiled (large invested in)What is an operational sexratio? Why is it male-biased inmany species?Since resources are limited, one cannot begood at both strategies.higher the tdividuasthe highar the naviduarsCompetition for matSeaction among matasBiased operational sea ratioTwo types of individuals, specializing in eachstrategysigher s activityLower s activityLower parantal investmantHigher parnta investmentSexual reproduotionDifferences in gamete sizeCS Scanned with CamScanner

We’ll answer the first question since the exact one wasn’t specified. Please submit a new question specifying the one you’d like answeredOrganisms often adapt to increase their rate of survival and reproduction.These adaptive features are also seen in their life-history traits.Question 1 Some organisms produce a large number of offspring, invest less in parental care and attain reproductive maturity early. They produce a large number of offspring to ensure the survival of some of them. Their less investment in parental care is compensated by large progeny. In frogs, parental caries varies from species to species. It may be as simple as attending eggs or intense as internal brooding. The eggs of frogs are highly susceptible to desiccation in the land habitats, diseases and predators. Attending eggs, protecting them from predators and keeping them moist increase the chances of survival in the land habitats.In swans, both parents provide parental care to newborns. The male bird provides food to the females since females feed irregularly during incubation. So, by feeding the female partners, these male birds actually increase the survival chances of their young ones. However, this type of parental care is not observed in frogs. Frogs trade-off the less parental care by having a large clutch size (hundreds to thousands of eggs varying with species) than swans who lay 4-6 eggs at a time.