Answered: Explain the sequence of events in…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Explain the sequence of events in epinephrine’s action as a hormone.

Expert Solution

Step 1

Epinephrine is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland and primarily function as to increase the blood glucose levels .where epinephrine act as fight-or-flight" response .

Sequence steps epinephrine Hormonal action

Epinephrine binds to specific cell receptors ( G protein coupled receptor )which are present on the cell surface (Muscle cell)
These epinephrine triggers a signal transduction cascade mechanism in the activated receptors cells which involves in the activation of G protein
The G protein binds to the activated receptor, releases GDP, and takes up a molecule of GTP and the G protein is released from the receptor will divided into two parts. One of the parts is activated and continues the signaling cascade. Soon, the hormone also leaves the receptor, and the receptor reverts to its inactive form.
The G protein activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. it converts ATP molecules into signaling molecules, called cyclic AMP (cAMP). which leads to the production of secondary messenger molecule - cyclic AMP (cAMP). because cAMP carries the message of the epinephrine into the cell .

The G protein gets inactivates and the adenylyl cyclase turns off and stops production of cAMP but it continues the signaling cascade mechanism by the enzyme protein kinase A.

The activated protein kinase A will add phosphate groups to the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. which further activates the enzyme phosphorylase kinase.
Phosphorylase kinase act as a cascade and activates glycogen phosphorylase by the enzyme called phosphorylation .
glycogen phosphorylase produces the cellular response to epinephrine where Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolysis the glycogen into glucose molecules. During the process, the enzyme adds a phosphate group to each of the glucose . further the phosphate group is removed from glucose molecule.
The glucose molecules was transported across the plasma membrane of the cell and enters into the blood stream which was taken up by other cells.

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