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Explain the Bertrand paradox. How does it inform our explanations of market power in industries with a small number of firms?
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- The figure shows the market demand curve for penicillin, an antibiotic medicine. Initially, the market was supplied by perfectly competitive firms. Later, the government granted the exclusive right to produce and sell penicillin to one firm. The figure also shows the marginal revenue curve (MR) of the firm once it begins to operate as a monopoly. The marginal cost is constant at $3. irrespective of the market structure. After the market changes from perfect competition to a monopoly.. OA. social surplus decreases OB. consumer surplus increases. OC. deadweight loss decreases OD. the market price decreases -COD- Price/Cost (5) 10 9 10 20 30 MR 40 60 00 Demand 70 BO so Quanety (units)When the number of competing firms is small in a market, is this market necessarily different from a perfectly competitive market in terms of market power and efficiency? Develop your in-depth analysis and argument on the basis of relevant economic theory or models. Also discuss and explain how market power can empirically and practically (from a competition policy point of view) be assessed.The figure shows the market demand curve for penicillin, an antibiotic medicine. Initially, the market was supplied by perfectly competitive firms Later, the government granted the exclusive right to produce and sell penicillin to one firm. The figure also shows the marginal revenue curve (MR) of the firm once it begins to operate as a monopoly. The marginal cost is constant at $3, irrespective of the market structure What is the surplus enjoyed by the firm when it is the sole supplier of the medicine? OA. 590 OB. $180 OC. $30 OD. $60 Price/Cost (5) 10 1 10 20 30 40 MR Demand 50 60 70 80 90 Quantity (units)
- We’ve observed that there are few examples of perfectly competitive markets in the real world, yet we use the model of perfect competition as a comparison with other market structures. Can you think of any examples of monopoly in the real world?Describe something you believe could possibly called a monopoly and explain why it fits the characteristics of a monopoly. Is your example a true, unregulated monopoly? (For example, Microsoft has been called a monopoly, but it is not the sole producer of computer operating systems, so strictly speaking it’s not a monopoly.) If there are few true monopolies, what can we learn from studying that market structure?In the model of Bertrand Competition firms would compete, driving price down to marginal cost so that firms make zero economic profits. This means we have firms essentially behaving as if they are perfectly competitive, even with just two firms. Despite this very clear prediction, we do not often see evidence of this outcome, even in markets where we believe firms are indeed competing via price. Why might this be? For instance, what assumptions do we make about costs of firms and how might things play out if those assumptions fail? What are some things firms could do in this situation to prevent prices from dropping as low as marginal cost, even if our assumptions on costs are true?0:29:15 Suppose that the market demand for a certain product is given by P = 670 – Q. where Qis total industry output. There are only three firms F, F,, F, that manufacture that product. The three firms have the following marginal costs: c = 32, c2 = 34 and C3 = 36. The leader (F) makes a production decision q1. F2, after observing the quantity chosen by F chooses its own quantity q2. Finally F3, after observing the quantities chosen by F, and F, chooses its own quantity q3. a) Determine the output levels that will be produced in a Stackelberg -Nash equilibrium 91 = 93 = b) Determine the price level in such an equilibrium P= c) Determine the profit levels in such an equilibrium U1 = uz=
- The auto industry in the U.S. has long been dominated by the Big Three carmakers: Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler. The auto industry in China, on the other hand, has more than 170 carmakers. Automakers in the U.S. have some monopoly power while the car market in China has the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. Based on these differences in market characteristics, explain how car makers in the U.S. will “behave” compared to carmakers in China. In particular, address the following considerations: How will the profits of carmakers in the U.S. compare to the profits of carmakers in China, everything else being equal?The auto industry in the U.S. has long been dominated by the Big Three carmakers: Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler. The auto industry in China, on the other hand, has more than 170 carmakers. Automakers in the U.S. have some monopoly power while the car market in China has the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. Based on these differences in market characteristics, explain how car makers in the U.S. will “behave” compared to carmakers in China. In particular, address the following considerations: How will the price of cars in the U.S. compare to the price of cars in China, everything else being equal?The auto industry in the U.S. has long been dominated by the Big Three carmakers: Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler. The auto industry in China, on the other hand, has more than 170 carmakers. Automakers in the U.S. have some monopoly power while the car market in China has the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. Based on these differences in market characteristics, explain how car makers in the U.S. will “behave” compared to carmakers in China. In particular, address the following considerations: How will carmakers in the U.S. respond to consumers’ desires compared to Chinese carmakers’ response to consumers’ desires, everything else being equal?
- There are only two driveway paving companies in a small town, Asphalt, Inc. and Blacktop Bros. The inverse demand curve for paving services is ?= 2040 ―20? where quantity is measured in pave jobs per month and price is measured in dollars per job. Assume Asphalt, Inc. has a marginal cost of $100 per driveway and Blacktop Bros. has a marginal cost of $150. Answer the following questions: Determine each firm’s reaction curve and graph it. How many paving jobs will each firm produce in Cournot equilibrium? What will the market price of a pave job be? How much profit does each firm earn?Should competition authorities prohibit vertical mergers that lead to higher input prices?Monopoly outcome versus perfectly competitive outcome Consider the daily market for hot dogs in a small city. Suppose that this market is in long-run perfectly competitive equilibrium, with many hot dog stands in the city, each one selling the same kind of hot dogs. Therefore, each vendor is a price taker and possesses no market power. The following graph shows the demand (D) and supply curves (S = MC) in the market for hot dogs. Place the black point (plus symbol) on the graph to indicate the market price and quantity that will result from perfect competition. Use the green point (triangle symbol) to shade the area that represents consumers’ surplus, and use the purple point (diamond symbol) to shade the area that represents producers’ surplus. (graph 1) Assume that one of the hot dog vendors successfully lobbies the city council to obtain the exclusive right to sell hot dogs within the city limits. This firm buys up all the rest of the hot dog vendors in the city and…