Experimenter effects. Confounding variables Demand characteristics. Within-groups design.
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Which of the following is NOT a threat to the internal validity of an experiment?
Experimenter effects.
Confounding variables
Demand characteristics.
Within-groups design.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Which uses a group of people with different exposures and follows them over time? Cohort Cross-sectional Quasi-experimental Case-ControlDoes more education lower a person’s level of prejudice? The number of years of education and the score on a prejudice test for ten people is given in the following table. Higher scores on the test indicate more prejudice. Years of Education 12 15 14 13 18 10 16 12 10 4 Score on Prejudice Test 1 6 2 3 2 4 1 5 5 10 Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if there is a significant linear correlation between the two variables. What is the decision for this hypothesis test? Reject the null because the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value and the p-value is less than alpha. Fail to reject the null because the absolute value of the test statistic is less than the critical value and the p-value is greater than alpha. Reject the null because the absolute value of the test statistic is less than the critical value and the p-value is less than alpha. Fail to reject the null because the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the…Study 2: Pill Appearance and Perceived Pain. Does the shape or color of a pain pill influence its effectiveness? Although logically it shouldn’t, whether we believe a drug will work does have a powerful effect on our perceptions (e.g., placebo effect). In this experiment, 4 groups of adult patients were given the same amount of Advil after dental surgery for pain relief, but the color and shape of the pill varied. Researchers hypothesized that an unusual shape or color would lead people to believe the pills were new and special and thus would expect them to be more effective than common round, white pills. Researchers also wanted to know if there is an interaction between shape and color Data Labels ShapePill {1=Round; 2=Diamond} ColorPill {1=White; 2=BlueGreen} Gender {0=Woman; 1=Man; 2=Nonbinary person) Descriptions of the Variables and Descriptive Statistics: Referring to the JASP output, and using sentences, present the descriptive statistics of each group: for example:…
- R3.1-R3.18. What design? Analyze the design of each research example reported. Is it a sample survey, an observational study, or an experiment? If a sample, what are the population, the parameter of interest, and the sampling procedure? If an observational study, was it retrospective or prospective? If an experiment, describe the factors, treatments, randomization, response variable, and any block- ing, matching, or blinding that may be present. In each, what kind of conclusions can be reached? | R3.15. An orange-juice processing plant will accept a shipment of fruit only after several hundred oranges selected from vari- ous locations within the truck are carefully inspected. If too many show signs of unsuitability for juice (bruised, rotten, unripe, etc.), the whole truckload is rejected.R3.1-R3.18. What design? Analyze the design of each research example reported. Is it a sample survey, an observational study, or an experiment? If a sample, what are the population, the parameter of interest, and the sampling procedure? If an observational study, was it retrospective or prospective? If an experiment, describe the factors, treatments, randomization, response variable, and any block- ing, matching, or blinding that may be present. In each, what kind of conclusions can be reached? 1 R3.4. The radioactive gas radon, found in some homes, poses a health risk to residents. To assess the level of contamination in their area, a county health department wants to test a few homes. If the risk seems high, they will publicize the results to emphasize the need for home testing. Officials plan to use the local property tax list to randomly choose 25 homes from various areas of the county.The following data represent the results from an independent-measures study comparing two treatment conditions. Treatment Response One 6.8 One 5.4 One 8.5 One 6.8 One 7.5 One 5.3 One 7.1 One 7.3 Two 3.6 Two 2.3 Two 3 Two 4.2 Two 1.9 Two 1.3 Two Two Treatment Treatment One Two 6.8 5.4 8.5 6.8 7.5 5.3 7.1 7.3 3.2 4.9 F-ratio: p-value: 0.000 Conduct ANOVA with a = 0.05 for this data and calculate the F-ratio and p-value. Round your answer to three decimal places. Assume all population and ANOVA requirements are met. 3.6 2.3 3 4.2 1.9 1.3 3.2 4.9 t-statistic: p-value: 0.000 0⁰ Now, conduct a t-test with a = 0.05 on the same data and calculate the t-statisitc and p-value. Round your answer to three decimal places. Observing the p-values, was there a difference in the result of the hypothesis test? No, the p-values aren't that far off where it would change the outcome of the test. O Yes, the p-values are different enough to change the outcome of the test.
- Does more education lower a person’s level of prejudice? The number of years of education and the score on a prejudice test for ten people is given in the following table. Higher scores on the test indicate more prejudice. Years of Education 12 15 14 13 18 10 16 12 10 4 Score on Prejudice Test 1 6 2 3 2 4 1 5 5 10 Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if there is a significant linear correlation between the two variables. What is the test statistic for this hypothesis test? -0.532 1.945 0.0127 -3.1965. Effect size for independent-measures t test - Cohen's d and r squared Tobacco companies have actively attempted to remake their public image by launching a youth smoking prevention advertisement campaign. Melanie Wakefield (a professor of applied psychology and researcher at the Center for Behavioral Research in Cancer in Victoria, Australia) and her colleagues conducted a study to assess the relation between exposure to tobacco companies' youth smoking prevention advertising and youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. You use Professor Wakefield's research to design an experiment with two groups of middle school students from Morocco. You show the tobacco company's youth smoking prevention ads to one of the groups of students every day for a week at the beginning of their math class. After the week, you assess the groups on the degree to which the students approve/disapprove of adults smoking, using a 5-point Likert scale. You do not have a prediction about the…Identify the dependent, independent variable, and controlled variable in each experiment. 1. A group of students was allowed to listen to music during a test while the other group was not. Test scores were then collected and compared.Independent: Dependent: Controlled: 2. Media attention is necessary for a candidate to succeed in a primary election.Independent: Dependent: Controlled:
- R3.1-R3.18. What design? Analyze the design of each research example reported. Is it a sample survey, an observational study, or an experiment? If a sample, what are the population, the parameter of interest, and the sampling procedure? If an observational study, was it retrospective or prospective? If an experiment, describe the factors, treatments, randomization, response variable, and any block- ing, matching, or blinding that may be present. In each, what kind of conclusions can be reached? R3.1. Researchers identified 242 children in the Cleveland area who had been born prematurely (at about 29 weeks). They examined these children at age 8 and again at age 20, com- paring them to another group of 233 children not born pre- maturely. Their report, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, said the "preemies" engaged in signifi- cantly less risky behavior than the others. Differences showed up in the use of alcohol and marijuana, conviction of crimes, and teenage pregnancy.Question #3 A newspaper published an article about a study in which researchers subjected laboratory gloves to stress. Among 298 vinyl gloves, 60% leaked viruses. Among 298 latex gloves, 13% leaked viruses. Using the accompanying display of the technology results, and using a 0.01 significance level, test the claim that vinyl gloves have a greater virus leak rate than latex gloves. Let vinyl gloves be population 1. View the technology results. Technology results Pooled proportion: 0.37 Test statistic, z: 11.9063 Critical z: 2.3264 P-value: 0.0000 98% Confidence interval: 0.3896624 < p1 − p2 < 0.5499349 What are the null and alternative hypotheses? A. H0: p1 = p2 H1: p1 < p2 B. H0: p1 = p2 H1: p1 ≠ p2 C. H0: p1 > p2 H1: p1 = p2 D. H0: p1 < p2 H1: p1 = p2 E. H0: p1 = p2 H1: p1 > p2 F. H0: p1 ≠ p2 H1: p1 = p2 Identify the test statistic. ___________ (Round to two decimal places as needed.)…In an experiment, the purpose for manipulating the independent variable is to help? A. Establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you manipulate the independent variable B. Ensure that any effects of selection or other randomization failures are minimized C. Establish the direction of the relationship and help eliminate the third variable problem D. Eliminate the third variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the variable to change