2.35 just do a) **Bifurcation Diagram for the Harvested Logistic Equation**This diagram illustrates the bifurcation behavior of a harvested logistic equation. It shows how the system dynamics change as the harvesting level \( h \) varies relative to the intrinsic growth rate \( r \).- **Axes:** - The vertical axis represents the population level \( u \). - The horizontal axis segments are defined by: - \( h < r \) - \( h = r \) - \( h > r \)- **Critical Points:** - When \( h < r \), there is a stable equilibrium point at \( u^* \) (indicated by a filled blue circle) above \( u = 0 \). - At \( h = r \), the stable equilibrium is at \( u = 0 \) (indicated by a transition line) and \( u^* \) continues as another equilibrium point (blue circle). - For \( h > r \), \( u = 0 \) remains the stable equilibrium, with \( u^* \) (dashed line and open circle) below becoming unstable or non-existent.**Figure 2.15: Bifurcation diagram for the harvested logistic equation (2.61).** **Exercise 2.3.5**Each ODE below depends on a parameter \( h \). Assume the parameter \( h \) can be a real number of any sign. A bifurcation occurs in the ODE for a single value of the parameter, call it \( h = h^* \). Determine this value, sketch representative phase portraits for each of \( h < h^* \), \( h > h^* \), and \( h = h^* \). Use this to make a bifurcation diagram in the spirit of Figure 2.15.(a) \( u' = hu - u^2 \).(b) \( u' = hu - u^3 \). The resulting bifurcation diagram illustrates a *pitchfork bifurcation*.(c) \( u' = ru(1 - u/K) - h \), with \( r = 1 \) and \( K = 1 \). This is similar to the harvested logistic equation (2.61), but here the harvest rate is a constant \( h \), instead of \( hu \). Assume \( h > 0 \), and confine your attention to the region \( u \geq 0 \).---**The Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions****Some Inspiration from Calculus 1**Let's forget about differential equations for a moment and instead go back to Calculus 1, by considering the equation\[ 2x - \cos(x) = 0. \; \; \; \; (2.63) \]The goal is to find a real number \( x \) that satisfies (2.63). Consider trying to solve (2.63) by using the elementary algebraic operations \( +, -, \times, \div \), as well as square roots, inverse cosines, etc. You will not succeed, yet a plot of the function \( f(x) = 2x - \cos(x) \) clearly reveals that (2.63) has a real root between \( x = 0 \) and \( x = 1 \), as illustrated in Figure 2.16. It’s pretty clear this root is unique (there can be only one) since \( f \) appears to be strictly increasing; once \( f \) exceeds zero it can never decrease again.

(a) Consider the given system, u'=hu-u2=fu So, the fixed points are given by, fu=0hu-u2=0uh-u=0u=0,h…

Exercise 2.3.5 Each ODE below depends on a parameter h. Assume the parameter h can be a real number of any sign. A bifurcation occurs in the ODE for a single value of the parameter, call it h = h*. Determine this value, sketch representative phase portraits for each of hh*, and h=h*. Use this to make a bifurcation diagram in the spirit of Figure 2.15. (a) u' = hu-u².

Exercise 2.3.5 Each ODE below depends on a parameter h. Assume the parameter h can be a real number of any sign. A bifurcation occurs in the ODE for a single value of the parameter, call it h = h. Determine this value, sketch representative phase portraits for each of hh, and h=h*. Use this to make a bifurcation diagram in the spirit of Figure 2.15. (a) u' = hu-u².

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

10th Edition

ISBN:9780470458365

Author:Erwin Kreyszig

Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig

Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ

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