Example: The melting point of a student-synthesized sample of naphthalene was measured in triplicate and were found to be 78.50-81.50 °C, 78.00-81.00 °C, and 78.40-80.90 °C. Calculate the average melting point and the percent crror of the student-synthesized naphthalene. The literature value for the melting point of naphthalene is 80.00-82.00 °C. Average Melting Point To find the average melting point, the low and high ends of the ranges must be averaged. The average of the three melting points must be reported as a range.
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
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![Example: The melting point of a student-synthesized sample of naphthalene was measured in triplicate and
were found to be 78.50-81.50 °C, 78.00-81.00 °C, and 78.40-80.90 °C. Calculate the average melting point
and the percent crror of the student-synthesized naphthalene. The literature value for the melting point of
naphthalene is 80.00-82.00 °C.
Average Melting Point
To find the average melting point, the low and high ends of the ranges must be averaged. The average
of the three melting points must be reported as a range.
Step 1: Calculate the average of the low ends of the three melting point ranges.
ΣΕ 78.50 °C +78.00 °C +78.40 °C
= 78.30°C
3
Step 2: Calculate the average of the high ends of the three melting point ranges.
ΣΧ
81.50 °C + 81.00 °C + 80.90 °C
Average:
= 81.10 °C
N
3
Average =
=
N
=
Step 3: Report the average of the three melting points as a range, low-high
Average = 78.30 °C-81.10 °C
Percent Error
Before finding the percent error of the average melting point of naphthalene, the experimental average
and the literature value must be converted from a range to one value.
=
Step 1: Convert the average melting point range to one value by calculating the average of the range.
Ex
78.30 °C + 81.10 °C
Average
= 79.70 °C
N
2
SPR: lieto Sengete
Step 2: Convert the literature value range to one value by calculating the average.
Ex 80.00 °C + 82.00 °C
Average
= 81.00 °C
N
2
=
Step 3: Calculate the percent error of the averages of the ranges
181.00 °C-79.70 °C]
% Error
100% = 1.600 % error
81.00 °C](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F30851b88-5e79-4818-b8e1-05241e5cb3dc%2Fc77bae6c-9600-4f3e-8418-846238d4deb6%2Fm60gp6q_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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