Example 6 The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and a 4m staff at a common interval of 30m; The first reading was taken at B.M. having R.L. =100m. The instrument were shifted after the 4th and 9 th readings. Rule out a page of a level book, enter the readings given and also calculate the reduced levels of the points by the collimation method. Also apply arithmetic checks. Consecutive readings are: 2.650, 1.745, 0.625, 0.260, 2.525, 5, 2.160, 1.235, 0.870, 1.365, 0.625, 1.790, and 2.535.

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Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.