Example 4-7: Single-stage softening A water with the ionic characteristics shown in the bar diagram below is to be softened to the minimum calcium hardness by the lime-soda ash process. Magnesium removal is not deemed necessary. 1. Calculate the chemical requirements and solids produced in milliequivalents per liter. 2. Draw a bar diagram for the finished water. 3. For a flow of 25,000 m³/d, calculate the daily chemical requirement and the mass of solids produced. Assume that the lime used is 90 percent pure and the soda ash is 85 percent pure. mequiv/L mequiv/L 8 co 1.0 HCO 3.5 5.0 Mg2+ 6.0 so- Na* 8.0 8.0

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Landfills

The landfill is a site used for the disposal of waste materials. The landfill is a solid waste facility that is often known as a dumping ground. The image below shows a landfill site in Hawaii. Landfilling is the most ancient and common method used for the disposal of waste. For the landfill, a deep trench is constructed in an isolated place away from the city. The trench for landfills is designed properly after analyzing the total population and the waste generation per capita. The waste is dumped into the trench and after every layer of waste, a layer of soil is spread on the top of it.