EXAMPLE 2.6 Determination of Aggregate Requirement for a Roadway Aggregates from a gravel pit are required for constructing a road embankment. The porosity of the aggregates at the gravel pit is 60%. The desired porosity of the compacted aggregates in the embank- ment is 25%. For a section of the embankment 7.5m wide x 0.6m compacted thickness x 1 km long, (a) calculate the volume of aggregates required. (b) Just before the construction of the embank- ment, a re-check of the porosity of the aggregates at the gravel pit was conducted. The porosity was 65% rather than 60% (an error of +8.3%), what extra percentage of aggregates would be required to construct the embankment. Assume a swell factor of 1.

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.