(d) Ca(HCO3)2 = 150 mg/L; Mg(HCO3)2 = 200 mg/L; CaSO4 = 180 mg/L;  MgCl2 = 95 mg/L; CaCl2 = 137 mg/L; turbidity = 15 mg/L; NaCl = 58.5 mg/L.  Calculate:  (i) Carbonate and non-carbonate hardness in degree Clark. (ii) The cost of limesoda process, if lime (95% pure) is Rs.200/10 Kg and soda (86%pure) is Rs. 400/10  Kg for softening of 150,000 liters of hard water using Al2(SO4)3 as a coagulant @ 28.5  mg/L.  (iii) A hard water sample having 530 ppm CaCO3 equivalent hardness was completely  softened on passing over a zeolite bed. The exhausted bed was subsequently  regenerated using 75 liters of 45 percent brine solution. Calculate the quantity of hard  water that has been softened using zeolite

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Landfills

The landfill is a site used for the disposal of waste materials. The landfill is a solid waste facility that is often known as a dumping ground. The image below shows a landfill site in Hawaii. Landfilling is the most ancient and common method used for the disposal of waste. For the landfill, a deep trench is constructed in an isolated place away from the city. The trench for landfills is designed properly after analyzing the total population and the waste generation per capita. The waste is dumped into the trench and after every layer of waste, a layer of soil is spread on the top of it.