Examine each of the following statistics. Which sampling method was most likely to have been used (simple random, systematic, stratif ed, cluster)? a. A survey showed that 30 percent of U.S. businesses have f red an employee for inappropriate web surf ng, such as gambling, watching porn, or shopping. b. Surveyed doctors report that 59 percent of patients do not follow their prescribed treatment. c. The Internal Revenue Service reports that, based on a sample of individual taxpayers, 80 per- cent of those who failed to pay what they owed did so through honest errors or misinterpreta- tion of the tax code. d. In Spain, per capita consumption of cigarettes is 2,274 compared with 1,230 in the United States.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.