EVOLUTION CONNECTION The fungus-alga symbiosis thatmakes up a lichen is thought to have evolved multiple timesindependently in different fungal groups. However, lichensfall into three well-defined growth forms (see Figure 31.22).How could you test the following hypotheses? Hypothesis 1:Crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens each represent amonophyletic group. Hypothesis 2: Each lichen growthform represents convergent evolution by taxonomicallydiverse fungi.

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EVOLUTION CONNECTION The fungus-alga symbiosis that
makes up a lichen is thought to have evolved multiple times
independently in different fungal groups. However, lichens
fall into three well-defined growth forms (see Figure 31.22).
How could you test the following hypotheses? Hypothesis 1:
Crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens each represent a
monophyletic group. Hypothesis 2: Each lichen growth
form represents convergent evolution by taxonomically
diverse fungi.

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