Electrical Principles Part B: Superposition Principle Objective: - To build and make measurements on circuits with more than one voltage source. - To find out whether the superposition principle correctly predicts currents and voltages in such circuits. - To find out whether Kirchhoff's laws apply to such circuits. Exercise 1 1. Use the superposition principle to calculate the values in the circuit below. Enter these values in table B. Then build the circuit and measure the quantities. Record your measured. values, along with percentage errors. Table B V1 V2 V3 11 12 13 560 ohms R1 Calculated R2 Circult 58/00 700 13.9 0+0089A19° 1.2k ohms 2.2k ohms R3 43 Measured 84208 A3.28 3.15 0-0027A139 142 7V 2 % error 1,1. 3-9 3,0 3-9 3982208 +179 0·1 £345013 -0.03 1. Based on your data for Circuit 1, is Kirchhoff's Voltage Law satisfied in circuits having more than one voltage source? Explain how this law either is or is not satisfied in your circuit. As part of your answer, show your calculations, and discuss the percentage error between your calculated and measured values.

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Thevenin Theorem

Any linear circuit, no matter how complex, maybe simplified to an equivalent circuit utilizing only a single voltage source and series resistance coupled to a load, according to Thevenin's Theorem. The superposition principle says that all foundational equations must be linear, and the notion of "linear" is still the same (i.e., there should not be any exponentials or roots). This is particularly the case when operating with passive elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. However, some components (particularly some gaseous and semiconductor devices like tunnel diode, Schottky diode, transistors like BJT, MOSFET) are nonlinear, meaning their current resistance fluctuates with voltage and current. As a result, circuits made up of these parts are known as nonlinear circuits.