Effect of tax on economic activity Suppose a per unit tax is imposed on perfectly competitive, profit-maximising firms that operate in an increasing-cost industry. What would happen to the market price, market output, the number of firms in the industry, output and profit of each firm in the short run? Illustrate on a graph. Assume that firms have upward-sloping marginal cost curve. Repeat your analysis for the long run. Compare the new long run equilibrium to the short run equilibrium and to the original long run equilibrium (before tax).
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Effect of tax on economic activity
Suppose a per unit tax is imposed on
Repeat your analysis for the long run. Compare the new long run equilibrium to the short run equilibrium and to the original long run equilibrium (before tax).
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- Short-run supply and long-run equilibrium Consiber the competitive market for rhodium. Assume that no matter how many firms operate in the induatry, every firm is identical and faces the same marpinal cost (MC), averapt total cost (ATC), and average variable cost (AVC ) curves plotted in the following praph. The following graph plots the market demand curve for thodium. If there were 10 firms in this market, the short-run equilibrium price of rhodium would be per pound. At that price, firms in this industry would. Therefore, in the long run, firms would the rhodium market. Because you know that competitive firms earn economic profit in the long run, you know the long-run equilibrium price must be per pound. From the graph, you can see that this means there will be firms operating in the rhodium industry in long-run equilibrium. True or False: Assuming implicit costs are positive, each of the firms operating in this industry in the long run earns positive accounting profit. True FalseIn a price-taker market, if a business produces efficiently (i.e., that is, where marginal revenues = marginal costs), the firm will be able to make at least a normal profit. True of False. Explain. All firms produce where MR=MC. Price takers produce and price where P=ATC=MC=MR. That is the "normal profit" level. Profits above that level are considered "economic profits." Review economic profits, normal profits, explicit costs, and implicit costs. Why is 'normal profit' considered to be a cost, in economics?Consider the competitive market for ruthenium. Assume that no matter how many firms operate in the industry, every firm is identical and faces the same marginal cost (MC), average total cost (ATC), and average variable cost (AVC) curves plotted in the following graph. 80 72 56 · ཉི་ ཀ་ཇཱ་སྐ་ན་ COSTS (Dollars per pound) AVC 16 MC- 8 ATC B 12 16 20 24 28 QUANTITY (Thousands of pounds) 36 The following graph plots the market demand curve for ruthenium. ? Use the orange points (square symbol) to plot the initial short-run industry supply curve when there are 10 firms in the market. (Hint: You can disregard the portion of the supply curve that corresponds to prices where there is no output since this is the industry supply curve.) Next, use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the short-run industry supply curve when there are 20 firms. Finally, use the green points (triangle symbol) to plot the short-run industry supply curve when there are 30 firms. PRICE (Dollars per pound) 80 72…
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- Consider the market for solar power. Assume the market is perfectly competitive and initially in long-run equilibrium; solar power sells for $.25 per kwh (kilowatt hour, a unit of power). Draw 2graphs, one to represent the market (supply and demand), and one to represent a single firm (demand, marginal cost, and average cost curves). Assume a u-shaped average cost. Show the equilibrium price and the quantity produced by the market (Q) and by each individual firm (q). Next, to encourage conservation, Congress taxes all forms of energy EXCEPT solar power, causing an increase in the demand for solar. Show what happens to the market and the firm in the short run; indicate clearly what happens to price, quantity, and profit. What happens to the market and the firm in the long run? Indicate clearly what happens to price, quantity, and profit, for each the market and the firm.Suppose that each firm in a competitive industry has the following costs: where q is an individual firm’s quantity produced. The market demand curve for this product is where P is the price and Q is the total quantity of the good. Currently, there are 9 firms in the market. What is each firm’s fixed cost? What is its variable cost? Give the equation for average total cost. Graph average-total-cost curve and the marginal-cost curve for q from 5 to 15. At what quantity is average-total-cost curve at its minimum? What is marginal cost and average total cost at that quantity? Give the equation for each firm’s supply curve. Give the equation for the market supply curve for the short run in which the number of firms is fixed. What is the equilibrium price and quantity for this market in the short run? In this equilibrium, how much does each firm produce? Calculate each firm’s profit or loss. Is there incentive for firms to enter or exit? In the long run with…The following problem traces the relationship between firm decisions, market supply, and market equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market. a. Complete the following table for a single firm in the short run. Using the information in the table, fill in the following supply schedule for this individual firm under perfect competition and indicate profit (positive or negative) at each output level. (Hint: At each hypothetical price, what is the MR of producing 1 more unit of output? Combine this with the MC of another unit to figure out the quantity supplied.)
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