Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
The naming of organic compounds in IUPAC system.
-
Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain. The number of carbon decided the name of organic compounds.
-
Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
- The position of the functional group (hydroxyl & ketone group) on the parent chain is(are) indicated by placing the number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in front of the base name.
- The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
- Some functional group suffix and prefixes.
Functional group Prefix Suffix carboxylic acids none -oic acid aldehydes none -al ketones none -one alchols hydroxy- -ol amines amino- -amine ethers alkoxy- -ether fluorine fluoro- none chlorine chloro- none bromine bromo- none iodine iodo- none
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
