e training and test errors for each choice. (b) Implement the LDA method and report its training and testing errors. Note: Before carrying out the LDA analysis, consider deleting variable 16 first from the data, since it takes constant values and may cause the singularity of the covariance matrix. In general, a constant variable does not have a discriminating power to sep

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Temporal difference learning

Temporal difference learning (TD learning) is a concept in machine learning that attributes to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods. The technique predicts a reward or quantity depending on the future values of the value function.