**e)** Draw a cartoon version of a lipid bilayer that illustrates the packing of several phospholipids in a membrane. **Label** the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic portions of the bilayer.(There is a blank space provided for the drawing of the lipid bilayer)**f)** Mycobacteria have an additional outer membrane called a mycomembrane comprised of unique lipids called mycolic acids. These fatty acids contain 30 – 90 carbon atoms compared to the typical plasma membrane fatty acids that contain 16 – 20 carbons. Based on these observations, which is **more rigid and has a higher melting point**—the mycomembrane or the plasma membrane? Explain your answer. **Phospholipids in Cellular Membranes**Phospholipids are the main structural lipids that make up cellular and organellar membranes. One abundant phospholipid found in bacterial cell membranes is **phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)**. This molecule has a general structure displayed alongside, where R1 and R2 are alkyl chains of attached fatty acids, typically containing 16–20 carbon atoms.### Key Concepts:- **Structure**: The diagram shows the chemical structure of phosphatidylethanolamine. The molecule includes: - Two fatty acid chains (R1 and R2) attached to glycerol. - A phosphate group connected to an ethanolamine, giving it distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.- **Charge**: - a) **Overall Net Charge**: The net charge in one phosphatidylethanolamine molecule is an important consideration, influencing its behavior in membranes. - **Chirality**: - b) **Glycerophosphate Backbone**: Determine whether the glycerophosphate backbone in PE is a D-enantiomer, L-enantiomer, or racemic.- **Bonding**: - c) **Type of Bond**: Investigate which type of bond (amine, amide, ester, ether) connects fatty acids to PE.### Representation:- d) **Diagram Task**: Students are instructed to draw a cartoon representation of a phospholipid molecule, labeling the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The diagram helps visualize how phospholipids form the bilayer structure critical to membrane function.Understanding these components is crucial for grasping how phospholipids contribute to membrane structure and function.

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Answered: e) Draw a cartoon version of a lipid…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Similar questions

Explain how membrane lipids self-assemble into bimolecular sheets.
Which of these general statements is TRUE about the lipid called phosphatidylethanolamine (or PE)? PE is NOT an aminophospholipid. 3 of these 4 responses are correct PE resides mainly in the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer. PE is zwitterionic at normal cell pH. PE is a type of cholesterol.
Where is the KV1.1 (a membrane protein) polypeptide synthesized in the cell? (word bank: cytoplasm, nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondria) The amino acids that line the outside of the KV1.1 protein (i.e., those in contact with the phospholipid bilayer's fatty acids tails) are more likely to be _______(word bank: hydrophobic, hydrophilic) The KV1.1 protein utilizes __ transport to move the K+ ions across the membrane. (word bank: active, passive) This disease can be caused by missense mutations. In general, how specifically would a missense mutation affect the KV1.1 protein?
In the "fluid " _______ cell membrane model, lipids are organized in a ________ arrangement, such that _______ portions of the lipids are exposed to either the interior or exterior of the cell, while the lipid portions are sandwiched in the middle of the membrane. As part of the cell membrane, a main function of peripheral proteins is to provide _________ , while a main function of proteins is to provide _________ . Other cell membrane molecules include a compound called __________, which functions to provide fluidity to rigid membranes and rigidity to fluid membranes; and surface carbohydrates, which function in the membrane not to provide energy, but instead to provide _________ _____ . Aminophospholipids (including PE and ) move to the inner leaflet of the membrane, by an enzyme known as the ._______ A main function of the cell membrane is to be very selective as to what is able to cross through, a condition known as a barrier.
The figure below illustrates a portion of a cell membrane. X denotes a membrane-spanning protein channel. Illustration of a partial cell membrane Which of the following is most likely true about the structure of X X A The upper and lower ends of X are hydrophilic and its middle is hydrophobic. C D The upper and lower ends of X, as well as its middle, are all hydrophobic. The upper and lower ends of X are hydrophobic and its middle is hydrophilic. The upper and lower ends of X, as well as its middle, are all hydrophilic.
Drawn below is a schematic of a transmembrane protein. Extracellular Cell membrane Cytosolic side (a) From the list below, select the amino acid(s) that might by more common in the extracellular domain of this membrane protein and whose side- chain can form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. Explain why you selected this option(s). Lysine Serine Phenylalanine Methionine (b) From the list below, select the amino acid(s) that would likely be found in the transmembrane/ membrane spanning domain of this protein and whose side- chain interacts with the lipid bilayer. Lysine Serine Phenylalanine Methionine
In general terms, what would you expect to be different about the permeability of a lipid bilayer made of phospholipids (modern cells) and a bilayer made of fatty acids (protocell)?
Phospholipids (Which is charged, what is the functional significance? Are they preferentially located on cytosolic or extracellular lipid monolayer? What is the functional significance of plasma membrane asymmetry?)
Lipid bilayers form spontaneously in a process driven by the hydrophobic effect. Explain how the hydrophobic effect drives bilayer formation from individual lipids in an aqueous environment. Describe how the physical properties of the lipid bilayer are determined by the chemical properties of the membrane lipid components. Diagrams are encouraged for both parts of the question.
17.
Lipid rafts are microdomains in the plasma membrane that function as a stable platform for signaling and trafficking. Which of the following helps make the lipid rafts more stable and less mobile? phospholipid cholesterol sphingolipid a and b b and c
Draw the structure of cholesterol and show the parts of the molecule that orients towards the inside and outside of the plasma membrane.

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