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- In the dark, bipolar cells are O inactive due to open Cl- channels active due to open Na+ channels inactive due to closed Ca++ channels active due to open Ca++ channelsThe refractory period goes from "absolute" to "relative" when: The inactivation gate of Na+ channels opens up. The inactivation gate of Na+ channels closes. K+ channels begin to open. K+ channels begin to close.Absolute refractory periods in axons: Result from conformational changes in voltage gated K channels after opening O Result from Cl channel induced hyperpolarization O Result from Ca dependent phosphorylation of K channels Result from conformation changes in voltage gated Na channels after opening O Result from Ca dependent phosphorylation of Na channels
- Epilepsy is a condition which results in seizures stemming from excessive or abnormal activity of neurons. This can occur either from hyperexcitability of excitatory neurons, or impairment of inhibitory neurons. That is to say, either the excitatory pathways become overactive, or the inhibitory pathways, designed to temper the excitatory pathways, are not active enough. Much of the research done on epilepsy focuses on voltage-gated sodium channels, and to date over 700 different mutations to the channel have been identified as playing a role in epilepsy. The means by which these mutations contribute to epilepsy is quite complex, but for the sake of this CAL, let's simplify and apply what we have learned so far to identify potential mechanisms for this condition. In what way could voltage-gated sodium channels be affected in excitatory neurons which would increase the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential? (one correct answer) The inactivation gate is slower to close. The…Why do voltage-gated sodium channels have three states (open, closed, refractory/open-block)? Select all that apply. Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation... SHOW MORE ✓ a b с Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question d To keep action potentials from going backwards To speed up the refractory period To prevent the channels from opening during repolarization To allow hyperpolarization to occur Answered ResubmitSome have compared the "all or none" action potential to flushing a toilet. The absolute refractory period (when no amount of pressing the lever will produce another flush) is set by: the inactivation of voltage gated potassium channels the inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels the opening of voltage gated sodium channels the inactivation of voltage gated chloride channels
- Action potentials propagate in one direction because of: O K+ Voltage-gated Channels become inactive for a while O Nat Voltage-gated Channels become inactive for a while O K+ nongated Channels become inactive for a while O Nat nongated Channels become inactive for a whilePlace the following events in chronological order from 1-8: Nat enters the cell, and depolarization occurs to approximately +30 mV. The voltage across the cell membrane is -70 mV, the resting membrane potential. Upon reaching the peak of the action potential, the VG Nat channels are inactivated by the closing of their inactivation gate and the activation gate of each VG K channel opens. VG K channels close by the closing of their activation gate, and the resting membrane potential is gradually restored. An excitatory post-synaptic potential depolarizes the membrane to threshold and the activation gate of VG Nat channels open. Upon returning to the resting membrane potential, VG Na channels are reset by opening of the inactivation gate and the closing of the activation gate. VG K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in an excess of K* efflux and hyperpolarization. Depolarization occurs as K+ flows out of the cell.apucreceptors ava ble at the synapse are reflected in this number. Question 2: In this chapter, we discussed a GABA-gated ion channel that is permeable to Cl. GABA also activates a G-protein-coupled receptor called the GABA receptor, which causes potassium-selective B channels to open. What effect would GABAB receptor activation have on the membrane potential? GABAB receptor activation causes potassium-selective channels to open. As a result this bringhs the
- Some have compared the "all or none" action potential to flushing a toilet. The relative refractory period (when the water level in the tank is below what it is at rest ) is set by: the opening of the voltage gated sodium channels O the inactivation of voltage gated potassium channels the opening of voltage gated potassium channels the inactivation of voltage gated sodium channelsDuring the relative refractory period, a larger than normal stimulus is required to generate an action potential. Which of the following statement/s explains this situation? O the inside of the cell is hyperpolarized and farther away from threshold O potassium voltage gated channels closed too soon and prevented potassium ions entering the cell potassium voltage gated channels did not all close at the same time and more than the required number of potassium ions exited the cell a and c « Previous NextPlace the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur: 1. K moves out of the cell. 2. NA activation gates open 3. Excess K+ leaves cell causing hyperpolerization 4. NA+ enters cell and volage becomes less negative. 5. K+ channels close. 6. Threshold stimulus arrives. 7. Leakage channels restore resting membrane potential. 8. NA inactivation gates close and K* open. O 6,4,2,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,4,8,2,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,1,3,5,7 O 6,2,4,8,3,1,5,7