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Draw the structure of product, substrate, or condition in the following reactions (clearly show the stereochemistry)

Draw the structure of product, substrate, or condition in the following reactions (clearly show the stereochemistry)

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Draw the structure of product, substrate, or condition in the following reactions (clearly show the stereochemistry).

 

 

The image contains a series of chemical reactions represented by structural formulas and reagents that lead to various organic transformations. Here's a detailed transcription and explanation: ### Reaction Scheme **c)** - **Starting Compound:** Cyclohexene - **Reagent:** Br₂, H₂O - **Product:** The product box is blank, indicating an expected outcome of a bromohydrin formation, where bromine (Br) and a hydroxyl group (OH) are added across the double bond of cyclohexene. **d)** - **Starting Compound:** 1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-ene - **Reagent:** HI (Hydrogen Iodide) - **Product:** The product box is blank, indicating an expected outcome of an addition reaction where iodine is added across the double bond, and possibly the fluorine atoms remain unaffected. **e)** - **Starting Compound:** Norbornane with a hydrogen at a bridgehead - **Reagent:** Not specified (blank reagent box) - **Product:** A norbornenol structure, indicating an alcohol (OH) group addition, suggesting that the unspecified reagent could be an oxidizing agent or involves an hydroxylation reaction. **f)** - **Reagent:** Br₂ - **Product:** The product is a dibromo compound with two phenyl rings, indicating that the starting compound (blank in the image) was likely a diphenylethylene structure. The product shows bromine atoms added on the carbon chain between the two benzene rings. ### Explanation: Each section of the diagram involves different organic reactions demonstrating typical transformations such as halogenation, addition of halogens and water (bromohydrin formation), and possibly hydroxylation. Each reaction is marked by a blank space for certain reagents or products, indicating these are likely exercises or examples where one is expected to deduce the missing components based on knowledge of organic chemistry transformations. This content is educational, aiming to instruct students or readers on how to anticipate the products of given reactions typical in synthetic organic chemistry.
Transcribed Image Text:The image contains a series of chemical reactions represented by structural formulas and reagents that lead to various organic transformations. Here's a detailed transcription and explanation: ### Reaction Scheme **c)** - **Starting Compound:** Cyclohexene - **Reagent:** Br₂, H₂O - **Product:** The product box is blank, indicating an expected outcome of a bromohydrin formation, where bromine (Br) and a hydroxyl group (OH) are added across the double bond of cyclohexene. **d)** - **Starting Compound:** 1,1,1-Trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-ene - **Reagent:** HI (Hydrogen Iodide) - **Product:** The product box is blank, indicating an expected outcome of an addition reaction where iodine is added across the double bond, and possibly the fluorine atoms remain unaffected. **e)** - **Starting Compound:** Norbornane with a hydrogen at a bridgehead - **Reagent:** Not specified (blank reagent box) - **Product:** A norbornenol structure, indicating an alcohol (OH) group addition, suggesting that the unspecified reagent could be an oxidizing agent or involves an hydroxylation reaction. **f)** - **Reagent:** Br₂ - **Product:** The product is a dibromo compound with two phenyl rings, indicating that the starting compound (blank in the image) was likely a diphenylethylene structure. The product shows bromine atoms added on the carbon chain between the two benzene rings. ### Explanation: Each section of the diagram involves different organic reactions demonstrating typical transformations such as halogenation, addition of halogens and water (bromohydrin formation), and possibly hydroxylation. Each reaction is marked by a blank space for certain reagents or products, indicating these are likely exercises or examples where one is expected to deduce the missing components based on knowledge of organic chemistry transformations. This content is educational, aiming to instruct students or readers on how to anticipate the products of given reactions typical in synthetic organic chemistry.
### Organic Reaction Pathways #### Reaction Pathway A **Reactant:** - A molecule with a cyclohexene ring, containing one double bond. - It has two methyl groups (Me) and a hydroxyl group (OH). - An additional carbonyl group (C=O) is present. **Reagents:** - Iodine (I₂) - Potassium iodide (KI) - Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) **Product:** - A compound with the molecular formula C₉H₁₃O₂I. **Reaction Description:** - This is a halogenation reaction involving iodine. The presence of sodium bicarbonate suggests a basic environment, which may aid in the reaction's progress. #### Reaction Pathway B **Reagents:** - Borane (BH₃) - Followed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). **Product:** - A molecule with a cyclopentane ring, featuring one alcohol group (OH) and two methyl groups (Me) on adjacent carbon atoms. **Reaction Description:** - This process is likely a hydroboration-oxidation, which typically converts alkenes into alcohols, with borane acting first to add BH₂ and then the alcohol formation via oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. ### General Concepts - **Halogenation Reactions:** These involve the addition of halogens like iodine to unsaturated bonds, usually facilitated by catalysts or solvents. - **Hydroboration-Oxidation:** A two-step process that adds a hydroxyl group across an alkene, converting it into an alcohol. The borane acts as a reducing agent, and subsequent oxidation yields the alcohol. Understanding these reactions is crucial in synthetic organic chemistry for creating varying functional groups and structural motifs in complex molecules.
Transcribed Image Text:### Organic Reaction Pathways #### Reaction Pathway A **Reactant:** - A molecule with a cyclohexene ring, containing one double bond. - It has two methyl groups (Me) and a hydroxyl group (OH). - An additional carbonyl group (C=O) is present. **Reagents:** - Iodine (I₂) - Potassium iodide (KI) - Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) **Product:** - A compound with the molecular formula C₉H₁₃O₂I. **Reaction Description:** - This is a halogenation reaction involving iodine. The presence of sodium bicarbonate suggests a basic environment, which may aid in the reaction's progress. #### Reaction Pathway B **Reagents:** - Borane (BH₃) - Followed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). **Product:** - A molecule with a cyclopentane ring, featuring one alcohol group (OH) and two methyl groups (Me) on adjacent carbon atoms. **Reaction Description:** - This process is likely a hydroboration-oxidation, which typically converts alkenes into alcohols, with borane acting first to add BH₂ and then the alcohol formation via oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. ### General Concepts - **Halogenation Reactions:** These involve the addition of halogens like iodine to unsaturated bonds, usually facilitated by catalysts or solvents. - **Hydroboration-Oxidation:** A two-step process that adds a hydroxyl group across an alkene, converting it into an alcohol. The borane acts as a reducing agent, and subsequent oxidation yields the alcohol. Understanding these reactions is crucial in synthetic organic chemistry for creating varying functional groups and structural motifs in complex molecules.
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