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Does Java support referential transparency? What about in static contexts like a? What about in object contexts like b? Explain using the following bits of code to explain your answer for each question. a) • static int a,b,c;//declaration • //some stuff happens • result1 = (fun(a) + b) / (fun(a) – c); • temp = fun(a); • result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c); • /function signature • int static fun(int arg); %3D %3D b) • Employee a = new Employee(); • Employee b = new Employee(); • Employee c= new Employee(); • //some stuff happens • result1 = (a.fun() + b) / (a.fun() – c); • temp = a.fun(); • result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c); • //function signature inside Employee: • int fun() %3D

Does Java support referential transparency? What about in static contexts like a? What about in object contexts like b? Explain using the following bits of code to explain your answer for each question. a) • static int a,b,c;//declaration • //some stuff happens • result1 = (fun(a) + b) / (fun(a) – c); • temp = fun(a); • result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c); • /function signature • int static fun(int arg); %3D %3D b) • Employee a = new Employee(); • Employee b = new Employee(); • Employee c= new Employee(); • //some stuff happens • result1 = (a.fun() + b) / (a.fun() – c); • temp = a.fun(); • result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c); • //function signature inside Employee: • int fun() %3D

Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN:9780078022159
Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Chapter1: Introduction
Section: Chapter Questions
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**Title: Understanding Referential Transparency in Java** **Introduction:** The concept of referential transparency is important in understanding functional programming and its application in languages like Java. Below, we explore whether Java supports referential transparency in different contexts, using specific code snippets. **Code Snippet Analysis:** **a) Static Context:** - `static int a, b, c; // declaration` - // some stuff happens - `result1 = (fun(a) + b) / (fun(a) - c);` - `temp = fun(a);` - `result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c);` - // function signature - `int static fun(int arg);` **Explanation:** In this static context, `fun(a)` is used twice in the expression for `result1`. If `fun(a)` does not have side effects and always produces the same result for the same input, the expression is referentially transparent. However, if `fun(a)` has side effects or depends on external state, the expressions for `result1` and `result2` may yield different results. Therefore, Java may not always support referential transparency in static contexts if side effects are present. **b) Object Context:** - `Employee a = new Employee();` - `Employee b = new Employee();` - `Employee c = new Employee();` - // some stuff happens - `result1 = (a.fun() + b) / (a.fun() - c);` - `temp = a.fun();` - `result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c);` - // function signature inside Employee: - `int fun()` **Explanation:** In this object context, the method `fun()` associated with an `Employee` object is called multiple times. Similar to the static context, if `fun()` in `Employee` is free of side effects and always returns the same output for the same object state, it is considered referentially transparent. If not, then referential transparency is not maintained due to potential changes in the object state or other side effects. **Conclusion:** In summary, Java's support for referential transparency is not inherent and depends on the presence of side effects and state changes within the methods or functions used. In both static and object contexts, achieving referential transparency requires ensuring that functions behave consistently without altering external states.
Transcribed Image Text:**Title: Understanding Referential Transparency in Java** **Introduction:** The concept of referential transparency is important in understanding functional programming and its application in languages like Java. Below, we explore whether Java supports referential transparency in different contexts, using specific code snippets. **Code Snippet Analysis:** **a) Static Context:** - `static int a, b, c; // declaration` - // some stuff happens - `result1 = (fun(a) + b) / (fun(a) - c);` - `temp = fun(a);` - `result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c);` - // function signature - `int static fun(int arg);` **Explanation:** In this static context, `fun(a)` is used twice in the expression for `result1`. If `fun(a)` does not have side effects and always produces the same result for the same input, the expression is referentially transparent. However, if `fun(a)` has side effects or depends on external state, the expressions for `result1` and `result2` may yield different results. Therefore, Java may not always support referential transparency in static contexts if side effects are present. **b) Object Context:** - `Employee a = new Employee();` - `Employee b = new Employee();` - `Employee c = new Employee();` - // some stuff happens - `result1 = (a.fun() + b) / (a.fun() - c);` - `temp = a.fun();` - `result2 = (temp + b) / (temp - c);` - // function signature inside Employee: - `int fun()` **Explanation:** In this object context, the method `fun()` associated with an `Employee` object is called multiple times. Similar to the static context, if `fun()` in `Employee` is free of side effects and always returns the same output for the same object state, it is considered referentially transparent. If not, then referential transparency is not maintained due to potential changes in the object state or other side effects. **Conclusion:** In summary, Java's support for referential transparency is not inherent and depends on the presence of side effects and state changes within the methods or functions used. In both static and object contexts, achieving referential transparency requires ensuring that functions behave consistently without altering external states.
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