Bacterial- DNA fragment (no origin of replication) chromosome DNA molecules without an origin of replication cannot replicate in a cell. Only one daughter cell will have a copy of the DNA fragment. (a) Non-integrated DNA fragment DNA fragment (no origin of replication) Homologous recombination A DNA fragment integrated into a bacterial chromosome can be replicated and passed on to daughter cells. All daughter cells will have a copy of the DNA fragment. (b) Integrated DNA fragment FIGURE 8.18 DNA Must Be Part of a Replicon to Be Malntalned In a Population (a) DNA without an orlgln of replicatlon wll not be passed on to any new daughter cells during growth of the populatlon. (b) If the DNA becomes Integrated within a replicon of the cell, It will be Inherlted by all daughter cells. 00

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Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.