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Directions:("JUST ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS DON'T HAVE TO EXPLAIN AND CAN YOU TRY TO KEEP THE ANSWER SHORT" THANK YOU )!!
1.. The Catholic Church played a role in maintaining cultural unity in Europe, in addition to political and religious authority. Although educational opportunities were limited, monasteries offered some opportunities for scholarship and research. The Catholic Church also built magnificent Gothic cathedrals during this time, which are still considered high points in European art and architecture.
1.. What benefits did the Catholic Church have on Europe?
2. The growth of trade and urbanization in Europe was caused by population growth that started around 800. This was due to the combination of favorable climate conditions and technological innovations that increased food supply. Europe experienced a warm period from 800 to 1200, allowing for more land to be used for farming and an extended growing season. New farming technologies, such as the horse collar and harness, were introduced or developed in Europe, allowing for faster plowing.
Other innovations, such as the heavy plow and three field system, improved farming efficiency. The mild climate and technological advancements led to rapid population growth, which in turn sparked a commercial revolution in Europe around 1000.
2.What conditions, both natural and technological led the growth of trade and urbanization?
3. During the early stages of the commercial revolution, regional fairs emerged where peasants and merchants could buy and sell goods. These fairs grew larger and more frequent, leading to the growth of towns and cities, particularly in areas with access to seaborne trade. At the peak of the commercial revolution, new business institutions, such as guilds and banks, developed to further spur urbanization and economic growth. Guilds were groups of merchants and artisans who regulated business practices to ensure the profitability and viability of their goods.
Banks provided loans and infrastructure to monetize the economy. These institutions were independent of the feudal
system.
2. How did guilds and banks help to give peasants and merchants to become more independent from the feudal system?
3.The commercial revolution and urbanization in Europe led to the emergence of a new social class, made up of artisans, merchants, and bankers who lived in cities that were outside of the feudal system's jurisdiction. Some feudal monarchs attempted to control these cities, but few were successful, especially in Italy and Flanders. Cities like Venice and Florence became independent republics ruled by this new class, known as the bourgeoisie, The bubonic plague in 1347, which spread throughout Europe and killed about a third of the population, both affected and changed the trends set by the commercial revolution. While the plague decreased populations, trade, and prices, it also weakened the feudal system in the countryside. This led to economic growth and development in the long term. The high demand for peasant labor increased their ability to demand higher wages, leading to violent rebellions when nobles refused to raise wages. The grip of the nobles over the peasantry of Europe was permanently weakened, allowing the population greater freedom to pursue their own economic interests.
3. How were both the commercial
revolution and the bubonic plague instrumental in the weakening of the feudal system?
4. In 1037, the Seljuk Turks established an empire in the Middle East, which threatened the Byzantine Empire by 1093. The Byzantine Emperor sought help from Pope Urban II, who called for the first Crusade to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The first Crusade took place from 1096 to 1099 and successfully drove the Turks from Jerusalem, establishing four small Christian kingdoms
4. What was the purpose of the Crusades? Do you think this 300 year fight from over a thousand years ago still impacts current relations between the Christian and Muslim faiths?
Expert Solution
Introduction
European history is a vast and complex topic, spanning across millennia. It encompasses many political, economic, and cultural developments. One of the important periods are the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages, also referred to as the medieval period, saw the rise of Christianity, feudalism, and the spread of Gothic architecture. It was also marked by several wars and conflicts, including the Crusades.
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