Direction: Fill the blanks with the correct word that completes the paragraph. (1) ______________________ are a group of endogenous chemicals responsible for signaling between neurons and other cells (there is very little direct “electrical” connection between neurons). Thus, signaling of the nervous system is a bioelectrochemical process affected by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters act on proteins called (2) _______________, which are found on cell membranes in synapses. (3) _______________ are very narrow gaps (20–50 nm) between neurons allowing for chemical transmission via neurotransmitters. The binding of neurotransmitters to pre- and post-synaptic receptors results in changes in the polarization of the cell. Neurotransmitter actions that increase the likelihood of initiating an action potential are called (4) __________________ (EPSPs) while those that reduce the likelihood of an action potential are termed (5) ________________ (IPSPs). Neurotransmitter receptors may be located before the synapse (termed pre-synaptic) or after the synapse (termed post-synaptic) (and also identified on some glial cells). Synapses may occur between an axon (terminal button) and a dendrite (axon-dendritic), axon and an axon (axon-axonal), axon and a cell body/soma (axon-somatic), or dendrite to a dendrite (dendo-dendritic). Receptor binding results in many of these IPSPs and EPSPs occurring every second, and the acute action of these lead to fluctuations in the intracellular resting potential. If enough EPSPs occur to raise the resting potential to around −50 mV, termed the threshold potential, an action potential will occur. This (6) ______________ is a positive charge of about +30 mV that runs the length of the axon at speeds ranging from 1 to 110 m/s. Action potentials are faster for axons that are myelinated due to saltatory conduction. (7)_________________ allows for an increase in action potential, as the action potential occurs at each node of Ranvier, “skipping” along the axon as opposed to a steady wave in nonmyelinated axons. During an (8) ________________, a neuron is unable to produce another action potential, and this time is termed the (9)____________________. The relative (10) ___________________ refers to the time the neuron is hyperpolarized, when only a very large stimulus will result in an action potential. During the refractory period, the Na+ –K+ pump works to reinstate the resting potential.
The Generation, Transmission and Integration of Neural Signals
Direction: Fill the blanks with the correct word that completes the paragraph.
(1) ______________________ are a group of endogenous chemicals responsible for signaling between neurons and other cells (there is very little direct “electrical” connection between neurons). Thus, signaling of the nervous system is a bioelectrochemical process affected by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters act on proteins called (2) _______________, which are found on cell membranes in synapses. (3) _______________ are very narrow gaps (20–50 nm) between neurons allowing for chemical transmission via neurotransmitters. The binding of neurotransmitters to pre- and post-synaptic receptors results in changes in the polarization of the cell. Neurotransmitter actions that increase the likelihood of initiating an action potential are called (4) __________________ (EPSPs) while those that reduce the likelihood of an action potential are termed (5) ________________ (IPSPs). Neurotransmitter receptors may be located before the synapse (termed pre-synaptic) or after the synapse (termed post-synaptic) (and also identified on some glial cells). Synapses may occur between an axon (terminal button) and a dendrite (axon-dendritic), axon and an axon (axon-axonal), axon and a cell body/soma (axon-somatic), or dendrite to a dendrite (dendo-dendritic). Receptor binding results in many of these IPSPs and EPSPs occurring every second, and the acute action of these lead to fluctuations in the intracellular resting potential. If enough EPSPs occur to raise the resting potential to around −50 mV, termed the threshold potential, an action potential will occur. This (6) ______________ is a positive charge of about +30 mV that runs the length of the axon at speeds ranging from 1 to 110 m/s. Action potentials are faster for axons that are myelinated due to saltatory conduction. (7)_________________ allows for an increase in action potential, as the action potential occurs at each node of Ranvier, “skipping” along the axon as opposed to a steady wave in nonmyelinated axons. During an (8) ________________, a neuron is unable to produce another action potential, and this time is termed the (9)____________________. The relative (10) ___________________ refers to the time the neuron is hyperpolarized, when only a very large stimulus will result in an action potential. During the refractory period, the Na+ –K+ pump works to reinstate the resting potential.
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