Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CACO3 to soften the following water to a final hardness of less than 120.0 mg/L as CACO3. If the price of lime, pur chased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as NazCO3, is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 1.35 m of this water? Assume the lime is 87% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concentrations reported below are all mg/L as CACO3. amsideng Ca2+ = 293.0 Mg2+ = 55.0 HCO, = 301.0 %3D %3D CO2 = 5.0

Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CACO3 to soften the following water to a final hardness of less than 120.0 mg/L as CACO3. If the price of lime, pur chased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as NazCO3, is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 1.35 m of this water? Assume the lime is 87% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concentrations reported below are all mg/L as CACO3. amsideng Ca2+ = 293.0 Mg2+ = 55.0 HCO, = 301.0 %3D %3D CO2 = 5.0

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.

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**4.22** Determine the lime and soda ash dose, in mg/L as CaCO₃, to soften the following water to a final hardness of less than 1200 mg/L as CaCO₃. If the price of lime, purchased as CaO, is $61.70 per megagram (Mg), and the price of soda ash, purchased as Na₂CO₃, is $172.50 per Mg, what is the annual chemical cost of treating 1.35 megaliters per year? Assume the lime is 87% pure and the soda ash is 97% pure. The ion concentrations reported below are all mg/L as CaCO₃.

- **Ca²⁺ = 293.0 mg/L**
- **Mg²⁺ = 55.0 mg/L**
- **HCO₃⁻ = 301.0 mg/L**
- **CO₂ = 5.0 mg/L**

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In this section, students are tasked with determining the proper dosage of lime and soda ash required to reduce water hardness. This exercise integrates concepts of chemistry, cost analysis, and environmental engineering. It is important to ensure all calculations consider the purity levels of the lime and soda ash used in treatment.

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