Determine the additional longitudinal reinforcements (mm?) due to torsion of a rectangular beam with a width of 469 mm and an over-all depth of 632 mm. It is subjected to a factored torsion of 110 kN-m. The specified compressive strength of concrete is 21.70 MPa. The yield strength of tension reinforcements and stirrups are 348 MPa and 278 MPa respectively. Use 12 mm stirrups. Round off only on your final answer (3 decimal places).

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Design criteria for structural loading

The different loads such as loads due to self-weight (dead load) and external loads such as live load, wind loads, seismic load, snow load, and other loads and load combinations that influence the design of a building are called structural loading. The nature of the applied load differs from changes in the location, design, and type of materials used. The design criteria require that structures must be designed and constructed to be able to withstand all load types that are expected to act upon the structure and render its usage for the designated purpose. The structural members such as beams, slabs, columns, and foundations help the structure to withstand the applied load. There are different institutes such as ASCE and ACI that provide building design codes to assure minimum safety requirements and quality of the structures.