Determine if valid or invalid. Using Rules of Inference. 26. If an animal is a squid, then it has tentacles. If an animal is an octopus, then it has tentacles. Therefore, if an animal is a squid, then it is an octopus.

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
Section: Chapter Questions
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Determine if valid or invalid. Using Rules of Inference.

26. If an animal is a squid, then it has tentacles. If an animal is an octopus, then it has tentacles. Therefore, if an animal is a squid, then it is an octopus. 

Symbols
Names
Rule
Given a statement, it is permissible to infer any
disjunction having that statement as one disjunct.
1.
Addition
..P VQ
Rules of
PAQ PAQ
2.
Q
or P
Simplification
Simplification either of its conjuncts separately.
Inference
..P
..Q
Given two statements, it is permissible to infer the
conjunction having them as conjuncts.
3.
Q
Conjunction
..PAQ
P- Q
Given a conditional, and given the antecedent of
4. P
Modus Ponens
that same conditional, it is permissible to infer the
consequent of the same conditional.
P.
Given a conditional, and given the NEGATION of its
CONSEQUENT, it is permissible to infer the
NEGATION of its antecedent.
Given two conditionals such that the consequent
of one matches the antecedent of the other, it is
permissible to infer a conditional having the
UNMATCHED antecedent and the UNMATCHED
5.
Modus Tollens
P - Q
Hypothetical
Syllogism
(Transitivity)
Q-R
6. .. P-R
consequent.
P VQ
PVQ
Disjunctive
Sylogism
(Cancellation) disjuncts.
Given a disjunction, and given the denial of one
of its disjuncts, it is permissible to infer the other
7. -P
or -Q
..Q
.P
P - Q
Given two conditionals (or a conjunction of two
conditionals) and given the disjunction of their
antecedents, it is permissible to infer the
disjunction of their consequents.
8. PVR
Constructive
Dilemma
.QVS
P - Q
R -S
9.
-QV-S
Destructive
Dilemma
..-P V -R
P+Q
P+Q
Given a biconditional, and given one side of that
same, biconditional, it is permissible to infer the
other side of that biconditional.
10. Р
or
Q
Equivalence
.Q
P
Given a statement, it is permissible to infer that the
Repetition
11. ..P
P → Q
12. ..Р—(РЛQ)
same statement.
Absorption
Transcribed Image Text:Symbols Names Rule Given a statement, it is permissible to infer any disjunction having that statement as one disjunct. 1. Addition ..P VQ Rules of PAQ PAQ 2. Q or P Simplification Simplification either of its conjuncts separately. Inference ..P ..Q Given two statements, it is permissible to infer the conjunction having them as conjuncts. 3. Q Conjunction ..PAQ P- Q Given a conditional, and given the antecedent of 4. P Modus Ponens that same conditional, it is permissible to infer the consequent of the same conditional. P. Given a conditional, and given the NEGATION of its CONSEQUENT, it is permissible to infer the NEGATION of its antecedent. Given two conditionals such that the consequent of one matches the antecedent of the other, it is permissible to infer a conditional having the UNMATCHED antecedent and the UNMATCHED 5. Modus Tollens P - Q Hypothetical Syllogism (Transitivity) Q-R 6. .. P-R consequent. P VQ PVQ Disjunctive Sylogism (Cancellation) disjuncts. Given a disjunction, and given the denial of one of its disjuncts, it is permissible to infer the other 7. -P or -Q ..Q .P P - Q Given two conditionals (or a conjunction of two conditionals) and given the disjunction of their antecedents, it is permissible to infer the disjunction of their consequents. 8. PVR Constructive Dilemma .QVS P - Q R -S 9. -QV-S Destructive Dilemma ..-P V -R P+Q P+Q Given a biconditional, and given one side of that same, biconditional, it is permissible to infer the other side of that biconditional. 10. Р or Q Equivalence .Q P Given a statement, it is permissible to infer that the Repetition 11. ..P P → Q 12. ..Р—(РЛQ) same statement. Absorption
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